Month: September 2025

Opioid Analgesics are powerful pain-relieving drugs that act on opioid receptors to reduce moderate to severe pain. Definition of Opioid Analgesics: Opioid analgesics are drugs that relieve moderate to severe pain by binding to opioid receptors in the central and peripheral nervous system. They mimic the action of endogenous opioids like endorphins and enkephalins. Opioid … Read more

Nootropics (“Smart Drugs”) are cognitive enhancers that improve memory, focus, learning, and mental performance. Definition of Nootropics (“Smart Drugs”): Nootropics are agents that enhance cognitive functions such as memory, learning, creativity, and attention, especially in individuals with cognitive impairments. Some also show mild effects in healthy individuals. Common Nootropic Agents: Cholinesterase Inhibitors Examples: Donepezil, Rivastigmine, … Read more

CNS Stimulants are drugs that enhance brain activity, increasing alertness, focus, energy, and sometimes improving mood and performance. Definition of CNS Stimulants: CNS stimulants are drugs that increase activity of the central nervous system, particularly enhancing alertness, attention, wakefulness, and in some cases, motor activity. They act primarily by increasing levels of dopamine, norepinephrine, or … Read more

Drugs used in Alzheimer’s Disease aim to manage symptoms, slow cognitive decline, and improve daily functioning. These include cholinesterase inhibitors that enhance acetylcholine levels and NMDA receptor antagonists that regulate glutamate activity. By targeting neurotransmitter imbalances, drugs used in Alzheimer’s Disease help improve memory, thinking, and behavior, offering better quality of life for patients. Cholinesterase … Read more

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder that gradually impairs memory, thinking, and behavior. Marked by progressive cognitive decline, personality changes, and loss of independence, it is the most common cause of dementia in older adults. With no complete cure, early diagnosis, proper treatment, and supportive care play a key role in slowing progression … Read more

This article explains about the Drugs for Parkinson’s disease improve dopamine levels or reduce symptoms like tremors and stiffness. Dopaminergic Agents Levodopa + Carbidopa Levodopa is a precursor to dopamine that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Carbidopa inhibits peripheral DOPA decarboxylase, preventing conversion of levodopa to dopamine outside the CNS, thus increasing its bioavailability in the … Read more

Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects movement and coordination. Characterized by symptoms such as tremors, muscle stiffness, slow movements, and balance difficulties, It occurs due to a gradual loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain. Early diagnosis and proper management with medications, lifestyle changes, and therapies can help improve quality of … Read more