Month: September 2025

Phenytoin

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Phenytoin

Phenytoin controls generalized tonic-clonic and partial seizures effectively. It stabilizes neuronal membranes by blocking voltage-gated sodium channels. Chemical Formula: C₁₅H₁₂N₂O₂ Mechanism of Action: Blocks Na⁺ channels in a use-dependent manner → stabilizes hyperexcited neurons. Prevents repetitive firing. Therapeutic Uses: Tonic-clonic seizures Focal (partial) seizures Status epilepticus (IV loading) Side Effects: Gingival hyperplasia Hirsutism Ataxia, diplopia … Read more

Parkinson’s Disease (PD)

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Parkinson’s Disease (PD)

Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects movement and coordination. Characterized by symptoms such as tremors, muscle stiffness, slow movements, and balance difficulties, It occurs due to a gradual loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain. Early diagnosis and proper management with medications, lifestyle changes, and therapies can help improve quality of … Read more

Metharbital

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Metharbital

Metharbital, a barbiturate, enhances GABA activity, producing anticonvulsant and sedative effects. It is prescribed for epilepsy, offering control over generalized and partial seizures. Chemical Formula: C₉H₁₄N₂O₃ Mechanism of Action: Similar to phenobarbital; enhances GABAergic inhibition Therapeutic Uses of Metharbital: Formerly used for generalized tonic-clonic seizures Less potent, more sedating than phenobarbital Side Effects of Metharbital: … Read more

Phenobarbitone (Phenobarbital)

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Phenobarbitone (Phenobarbital)

Phenobarbitone (Phenobarbital) controls epilepsy, seizures, and provides sedative-hypnotic action. It enhances GABA activity, prolonging chloride influx for CNS depression. Chemical Formula: C₁₂H₁₂N₂O₃ Mechanism of Action: Enhances GABA-A activity, prolongs Cl⁻ channel opening. Also reduces glutamate-mediated excitation. Therapeutic Uses of Phenobarbitone (Phenobarbital): Tonic-clonic seizures Partial seizures Status epilepticus (alternative) Febrile seizures (children) Side Effects of Phenobarbitone … Read more

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