Etiology of Cancer

The etiology of cancer involves a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors.
Here are the primary factors contributing to Etiology cancer development:

1. Genetic Factors

Inherited Mutations: Certain genetic mutations increase cancer risk. For example:
- BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations are linked to higher risks of breast and ovarian cancers.
Family History: A family history of cancer may indicate a genetic predisposition.

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Carcinogens: Exposure to substances that can cause cancer.
- Chemicals: Benzene, asbestos, certain dyes, and pesticides.
- Radiation: Ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun and ionizing radiation from medical imaging.
- Pollutants: Air and water pollutants, including second-hand smoke and industrial emissions.

Tobacco Use: Major risk factor for cancers of the lung, mouth, throat, esophagus, bladder, and more.
Diet: High intake of processed meats and low consumption of fruits and vegetables increase risk.
- Obesity: Linked to breast, colorectal, and endometrial cancers.
Alcohol Consumption: Associated with cancers of the mouth, throat, esophagus, liver, colon, and breast.
Physical Inactivity: Contributes to obesity and increased cancer risk.

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Viruses:
- Human Papillomavirus (HPV): Linked to cervical, anal, and oropharyngeal cancers.
- Hepatitis B and C Viruses (HBV and HCV): Associated with liver cancer.
- Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV): Linked to Burkitt lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
Bacteria:
- Helicobacter pylori: Linked to stomach cancer.

Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): Long-term use increases breast cancer risk.
Reproductive History: Early menstruation, late menopause, and having few or no children can increase risk of breast and ovarian cancers.

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Conditions like ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease increase cancer risk in affected tissues.