Acquired Anemia

• Acquired anemias result from external factors or conditions that affect RBC production or lifespan.

Common Types Acquired Anemia

1. Iron Deficiency Anemia

   • Due to inadequate iron intake, absorption issues, or chronic blood loss.

2. Vitamin B12 and Folate Deficiency Anemia

   • Caused by poor dietary intake, malabsorption, or increased demand.

3. Anemia of Chronic Disease

   • Associated with chronic infections, inflammation, or malignancies.

4. Aplastic Anemia

   • Bone marrow failure leading to pancytopenia; often due to autoimmune conditions, infections, or toxins.

Pathophysiology

• Iron Deficiency Anemia: Reduced hemoglobin production due to lack of iron.
• Vitamin B12 and Folate Deficiency Anemia: Impaired DNA synthesis, leading to megaloblastic anemia.
• Anemia of Chronic Disease: Inflammatory cytokines affect iron metabolism and RBC production.
• Aplastic Anemia: Bone marrow suppression leads to reduced production of all blood cells.

Symptoms of Acquired Anemia:

1. General Anemia Symptoms:

   • Fatigue, pallor, shortness of breath, dizziness.

2. Specific to Each Type:

   • Iron Deficiency: Pica, brittle nails.
   • Vitamin B12 Deficiency: Neurological symptoms, glossitis.
   • Folate Deficiency: Similar to B12 deficiency but without neurological symptoms.
   • Aplastic Anemia: Bleeding tendencies, frequent infections.

Diagnosis

1. Blood Tests: CBC, serum iron studies, vitamin B12 and folate levels, reticulocyte count.
2. Bone Marrow Biopsy: For aplastic anemia.

Treatment

1. Iron Deficiency Anemia: Iron supplements, dietary changes.
2. Vitamin B12 and Folate Deficiency Anemia: Vitamin supplements, dietary changes.
3. Anemia of Chronic Disease: Treat underlying condition, erythropoiesis-stimulating agents.
4. Aplastic Anemia: Immunosuppressive therapy, bone marrow transplant.

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