Norgestrel is a synthetic progestin used in contraceptives to prevent ovulation and regulate menstrual cycles. Structure of Norgestrel Norgestrel is a synthetic progestogen with a 19-nor steroid structure, lacking the carbon at position 19 of the progesterone backbone. Chemical Formula: C₂₀H₂₉NO₂ Mode of Action Progestogen Activity: Mimics the effects of natural progesterone, regulating the menstrual … Read more

Mifepristone is a progesterone receptor antagonist used for medical abortion and to manage certain hormonal disorders. Structure of Mifepristone Mifepristone is a synthetic steroid with both antiglucocorticoid and antiprogestational properties, featuring a RU486 core structure. Chemical Formula: C₂₈H₃₈N₂O₄ Mode of Action Progesterone Receptor Antagonism: Blocks progesterone receptors, disrupting the uterine lining and preventing implantation. Glucocorticoid … Read more

Oral contraceptives are drugs used to prevent pregnancy and typically contain synthetic estrogen and progesterone. Normal Mechanism of Estrogen and Progesterone in Pregnancy Egg Production & Fertilization: The ovaries produce an egg (ovum) and release it into the fallopian tube, where it may be fertilized by sperm. Uterus Preparation: The uterus prepares for a fertilized … Read more

Tadalafil is a PDE5 inhibitor used to treat erectile dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension by improving blood flow. Structure of Tadalafil It is a PDE5 inhibitor with a similar core structure to sildenafil but with distinct substituents enhancing its pharmacokinetic profile. Chemical Formula: C₂₂H₂₉N₃O₄ Mode of Action PDE5 Inhibition: Tadalafil selectively inhibits PDE5, preventing the breakdown … Read more

Sildenafil treats erectile dysfunction by increasing blood flow to the penis through PDE5 inhibition. Structure of Sildenafil Sildenafil is a phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor with a complex heterocyclic structure, including a pyrazolopyrimidinone core. Chemical Formula: C₂₁H₁₁N₄O₃S Mode of Action PDE5 Inhibition: Sildenafil selectively inhibits PDE5, an enzyme responsible for the degradation of cyclic guanosine … Read more

Definition of Erectile Dysfunction Erectile Dysfunction is the inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual performance. Causes of Erectile Dysfunction Physical Factors: Cardiovascular Diseases: Poor blood flow to the penis. Diabetes: Nerve and blood vessel damage. Hormonal Imbalances: Low testosterone. Neurological Disorders: Parkinson’s, multiple sclerosis. Medications: Certain blood pressure drugs, antidepressants. … Read more

Diethyl Stilbestrol is a synthetic estrogen formerly used in pregnancy and certain cancers. Structure of Diethyl Stilbestrol Diethyl stilbestrol (DES) is a synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen with a stilbene backbone, featuring two phenyl groups connected by a double bond and ethyl substituents. Chemical Formula: C₁₆H₂₀O₂ Mode of Action Estrogen Receptor Activation: Binds to estrogen receptors, mimicking … Read more

Oestrone is a natural estrogen important for female reproductive health and postmenopausal hormone balance. Structure of Oestrone Oestrone is one of the three primary endogenous estrogens, characterized by a cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene structure with a ketone group at the 17 position and a hydroxyl group at the 3 position. Chemical Formula: C₁₈H₂₄O₂ Mode of Action Estrogen Receptor … Read more

Oestradiol is a potent estrogen that regulates menstrual cycles, fertility, and secondary sexual traits. Structure of Oestradiol Oestradiol is the most potent endogenous estrogen, featuring a cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene structure with two hydroxyl groups at the 3 and 17 positions. Chemical Formula: C₁₈H₂₄O₂ Mode of Action Estrogen Receptor Activation: Binds to estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ), regulating … Read more