Classification of Drugs

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Classification of Drugs

The classification of drugs is a fundamental aspect of pharmacognosy and pharmacology, facilitating the systematic study, identification, and utilization of medicinal substances. Drugs can be classified based on various criteria, each highlighting different characteristics and applications. The primary classification methods include: Alphabetical Classification Morphological Classification Taxonomical Classification Chemical Classification Pharmacological Classification Chemo-Taxonomical Classification Sero-Taxonomical Classification … Read more

Unorganized Drugs

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Unorganized Drugs

Unorganized drugs are derived from the non-structural components of plants or organisms. These substances are typically exudates, secretions, or other plant-derived materials that do not maintain the organized structure of the source. They are usually obtained through extraction processes involving solvents and may require further purification to isolate active constituents. Subcategories of Unorganized Drugs: 1. … Read more

Nesiritide

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Nesiritide

Nesiritide is a recombinant BNP drug used in acute decompensated heart failure to promote vasodilation and reduce fluid overload. Structure of Nesiritide Nesiritide is a recombinant form of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), comprising a 32-amino acid polypeptide with disulfide bonds stabilizing its structure. Chemical Formula: C₁₈H₂₇N₅O₅S₆ Mode of Action Guanylate Cyclase Activation: Binds to natriuretic … Read more

Bosentan

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Bosentan

Bosentan is an endothelin receptor antagonist used to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension by relaxing blood vessels. Structure of Bosentan Bosentan is a non-selective endothelin receptor antagonist with a central benzothiazole core linked to aromatic rings and amine groups. Chemical Formula: C₂₀H₂₀N₂O₂S₂ Mode of Action Endothelin Receptor Blocking: Antagonizes endothelin-1 (ET-1) receptors (ETA and ETB), preventing … Read more

Tezosentan

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Tezosentan

Tezosentan is an endothelin receptor antagonist used in heart failure to improve blood flow and reduce vascular resistance. Structure of Tezosentan Tezosentan is a selective endothelin receptor antagonist with a quinazoline core linked to aromatic substituents and amine groups. Chemical Formula: C₂₄H₂₂N₄O₆S₂ Mode of Action Selective Endothelin Receptor Blocking: Primarily antagonizes ETA receptors, reducing vasoconstriction … Read more

Digitoxin

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Digitoxin

Digitoxin is a cardiac glycoside that treats CHF by improving heart pumping efficiency and controlling heartbeat. Structure of Digitoxin Digitoxin is a cardiac glycoside similar to digoxin but with a longer half-life due to fewer hydroxyl groups on the steroid nucleus. Chemical Formula: C₄₉H₇₄O₁₉ Mode of Action Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase Inhibition: Similar to digoxin, inhibits the sodium-potassium … Read more

Digoxin

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Digoxin

Digoxin is a cardiac glycoside used in CHF and atrial fibrillation to strengthen heart contractions and regulate rhythm. Structure of Digoxin Digoxin is a cardiac glycoside derived from the foxglove plant, featuring a steroid nucleus linked to a lactone ring and a sugar moiety. Chemical Formula: C₄₈H₇₂O₁₉ Mode of Action Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase Inhibition: Binds to the … Read more

Drugs Used in Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

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Drugs used in congestive heart failure (CHF) aim to improve cardiac function, reduce symptoms, and enhance survival by targeting various physiological pathways involved in heart failure. Pathophysiology of Congestive Heart Failure CHF results from the heart’s inability to pump sufficient blood to meet the body’s needs. It involves complex mechanisms, including neurohormonal activation (e.g., renin-angiotensin-aldosterone … Read more

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

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Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) is a chronic condition where the heart is unable to pump blood effectively to meet the body’s needs, leading to a buildup of fluid in tissues and organs. Types of Congestive Heart Failure (CHF): Left-Sided Heart Failure: Affects the left ventricle, causing fluid to back up into the lungs (pulmonary congestion). … Read more

Clopidogrel

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Clopidogrel is an antiplatelet drug that prevents strokes and heart attacks by inhibiting platelet aggregation. Structure of Clopidogrel Clopidogrel is a thienopyridine class antiplatelet agent featuring a thiophene ring attached to a pyridine moiety with a chlorophenyl group. Chemical Formula: C₁₅H₁₂ClNO₂S Mode of Action P2Y₁₂ Receptor Inhibition: Irreversibly blocks the P2Y₁₂ ADP receptor on platelet … Read more