An Isotonic Solutions has the same osmotic pressure as body fluids, preventing cell damage by maintaining balance between fluids. Isotonicity and Freezing Point Depression Isotonic solutions match the freezing point depression of body fluids, around -0.52°C. Example: 9 Percent NaCl solution is isotonic with blood (normal saline). Isotonicity and Molecular Weight The osmotic pressure depends … Read more
Methods of Drug Elimination include renal excretion, biliary excretion, pulmonary excretion, and metabolism for drug clearance. Methods of Drug Elimination Elimination is the process by which drugs are removed from the body. It primarily occurs through metabolism and excretion, ensuring that the drug’s effects do not persist indefinitely. Various pathways contribute to drug elimination, each … Read more
Pharmacokinetic Parameters include clearance, volume of distribution, half life, and bioavailability guiding drug dosing and therapy. Pharmacokinetics involves the study of how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated by the body. The following are key parameters used to describe and quantify these processes: 1. ke (Elimination Rate Constant) The elimination rate constant (ke) … Read more
One Compartment Model with Extravascular Administration describes drug absorption, distribution, and elimination after oral or IM dosing. Definition of One-Compartment Model with Extravascular Administration Extravascular administration refers to all non-intravenous routes where the drug is not directly injected into the bloodstream. It includes: Oral (PO) Intramuscular (IM) Subcutaneous (SC) Inhalation, rectal, transdermal, etc. Process The … Read more
One Compartment Model with Intravenous Infusion explains constant drug input, steady state, and elimination in pharmacokinetics. Definition of One-Compartment Model with Intravenous Infusion: Intravenous (IV) infusion is the continuous administration of a drug into the bloodstream at a controlled rate over a prolonged period. Process: The drug is infused at a constant rate (R) into … Read more
One Compartment Model with Intravenous Bolus Administration describes drug distribution and elimination after a single rapid IV dose. One-Compartment Model with Intravenous Bolus Administration An intravenous (IV) bolus injection refers to a rapid administration of a drug directly into the bloodstream via a single injection. Process: A known dose (D) of the drug is injected … Read more
One Compartment Open Model explains drug absorption, distribution, and elimination using a single compartment in pharmacokinetics. One-Compartment Open Model The one-compartment open model is one of the simplest pharmacokinetic models used to describe drug disposition in the body. It assumes that the body acts as a single, uniform compartment where the drug is evenly distributed … Read more
Introduction to Powder is a dosage form in which a medication is presented as a dry, solid, and finely divided substance. They can be administered internally (e.g., orally, rectally) or externally (e.g., topically). Powders are prepared by grinding or triturating the solid drug particles until they reach the desired degree of fineness. Classification of powders … Read more
Physiological Models (PBPK Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Models) predict drug ADME using organ physiology and blood flow data. Physiological Models (PBPK – Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Models) Physiological models, or PBPK models, are the most detailed pharmacokinetic models as they incorporate actual physiological and anatomical data. Key Features of PBPK Models: Based on real organ and tissue … Read more
Proof spirit refers to the strength of alcohol in a solution, commonly used in beverages and pharmacy. Definition of Proof spirit Proof spirit contains 28 percent alcohol by weight or 57.1 percent alcohol by volume. In the U.S., the formula for proof is: Proof = 2 × Alcohol by Volume (ABV) So, 50 percent ABV = 100 proof. … Read more