Warfarin is an oral anticoagulant that prevents blood clots by inhibiting vitamin K–dependent clotting factor synthesis. Structure of Warfarin Warfarin is a synthetic coumarin derivative with a 4-hydroxycoumarin core structure substituted with a 3-phenylpropyl side chain. Chemical Formula: C₁₉H₁₆O₄ Mode of Action Vitamin K Epoxide Reductase Inhibition: Blocks the enzyme vitamin K epoxide reductase, preventing … Read more
Menadione is a synthetic vitamin K used as a coagulant to treat and prevent bleeding caused by vitamin K deficiency. Structure of Menadione Menadione, also known as vitamin K3, is a synthetic compound with a naphthoquinone structure. Chemical Formula: C₁₀H₆O₂ Mode of Action Provitamin K Activity: Serves as a precursor to active vitamin K forms. … Read more
Definition of Anticoagulants: Anticoagulants are medications that inhibit blood clot formation, thereby reducing the risk of thromboembolic events such as deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and stroke. They are essential in preventing abnormal clotting in various medical conditions. Mechanism of Action: Vitamin K Antagonists: Drugs like Warfarin and Anisindione inhibit the enzyme vitamin K epoxide … Read more
Definition of Coagulants: These are agents that promote blood clotting (coagulation) to prevent excessive bleeding. They are used in situations where there is a deficiency in the blood’s natural ability to form clots. Mechanism of Action: Vitamin K-Dependent Pathway: Many coagulants, such as Menadione and Acetomenadione, act as synthetic forms of vitamin K. Vitamin K … Read more
Organized drugs refer to those derived from higher-order structures of plants or organisms. They maintain the complex architecture of the source material, such as leaves roots, stems, bark, seeds, fruits, and flowers. These drugs are typically obtained by physical processes like drying, grinding, or decoction without altering their fundamental structure. Characteristics: Derived from specific plant … Read more
Sources of Drugs: Derived from plants, animals, minerals, microorganisms, and synthetic processes. Sources of Drugs: Provide active compounds for disease prevention and treatment. The development and production of medicinal compounds have historically relied on various natural sources. These sources include plants, animals, marine organisms, microorganisms, and tissue culture techniques. Each source offers unique advantages and … Read more
Introduction to Pharmacognosy: Study of drugs from natural sources, their origin, properties, and uses in medicine. Importance: Introduction to Pharmacognosy links nature with modern drug discovery for safe, effective treatments. Definition Pharmacognosy: The branch of pharmaceutical sciences that deals with the study of drugs of natural origin, encompassing their biological, chemical, biochemical, and physical properties. … Read more
Bioassay of 5-HT (Serotonin): Commonly done using rat fundus strip or uterus for serotonin activity. Bioassay of 5-HT (Serotonin): Measures potency and action via smooth muscle contraction response. Principle 5-HT (Serotonin) also causes smooth muscle contraction in certain tissues (e.g., rat fundus strip, guinea pig ileum). The bioassay measures the contractile response to 5-HT in … Read more
Bioassay of Histamine: Commonly performed using isolated guinea pig ileum to measure contraction response. Bioassay of Histamine: Helps determine potency and concentration of histamine in pharmaceutical preparations. Principle Histamine causes contraction of smooth muscle, notably the guinea pig ileum, and also has vasodilatory and other effects. The classic bioassay measures the contraction of the isolated … Read more
Colestipol is a bile acid sequestrant used in hyperlipidemia to lower LDL cholesterol by preventing bile acid reabsorption. Structure of Colestipol Colestipol is a non-absorbed, cross-linked polyallylamine derivative with quaternary ammonium groups, functioning as a bile acid sequestrant. Chemical Formula: (C₃H₇NCl)ₙ(C₇H₁₅O₄S)ₙ Mode of Action Bile Acid Sequestration: Binds bile acids in the gastrointestinal tract, preventing … Read more
