Non renal routes of drug excretion of drug include biliary, pulmonary, salivary, sweat, and milk pathways for elimination. Non renal routes of drug excretion of drug Although the kidneys represent the primary excretory route for most drugs, several other pathways can also contribute to drug elimination: Biliary and Fecal Excretion Many drugs, especially larger, more … Read more
Bioavailability BA definition and objectives explain the rate and extent of drug absorption reaching systemic circulation. Bioavailability (BA) definition and objectives Definition of Bioavailability Bioavailability is defined as the fraction (F) of an administered drug dose that reaches systemic circulation in an unchanged form and is available for therapeutic action. It includes both: Extent of … Read more
Paediatric Dose Calculations is complex due to the physiological differences between children and adults, affecting drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Several methods are used to calculate the appropriate Paediatric Dose Calculations based on age, body weight, and body surface area (BSA). Age-Based Dosing Methods Young’s Formula (For children aged 2-12 years): Formula: Pediatric dose = (Age … Read more
Definition of Posology Posology is derived from the Greek words “posos” meaning “how much” and “logos” meaning “science.” It refers to the study of drug dosages, which includes not only the amount of the drug to be administered but also the frequency and duration of treatment. Posology aims to determine the correct dosage to achieve … Read more
Handling a prescription Steps and Responsibilities is a critical responsibility for pharmacists to ensure the safe and effective dispensing of medications. The process involves several steps: Receiving: The pharmacist receives the prescription, either directly from the patient or electronically from the prescriber. The prescription is reviewed for completeness, legibility, and all necessary information. Reading and … Read more
A prescription is a written or electronic communication from a licensed healthcare provider to a pharmacist, authorizing the dispensing of a specific medication to a patient. It serves as a legal document that provides detailed instructions regarding the medication type, strength, dosage, and duration. Prescriptions are crucial in ensuring safe and effective medication use. Date: … Read more
Dosage forms are the physical formulations of drugs, prepared to ensure the safe, effective, and accurate administration of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) to patients. They are designed to account for various factors, including the drug’s properties, pharmacokinetics (how the drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted), pharmacodynamics (the effects of the drug on the … Read more
History of Indian pharmacy traces ancient Ayurveda, Siddha, and herbal traditions in drug use. The History of the Pharmacy profession in India can be divided into four main phases: ancient history, the colonial period, the post-independence period, and the modern era. Ancient History: Pharmacy in India has roots in traditional systems of medicine like Ayurveda, … Read more
Definition: Rate depends on either: Square of one reactant: $\text{Rate} = k[A]^2$ Product of two reactants: $\text{Rate} = k[A][B]$ Integrated form (when A = B): $\tfrac{1}{[A]_t} = \tfrac{1}{[A]_0} + kt$ Derivation: Separate variables: $\frac{d[A]}{[A]^2} = -k \, dt$ Integrate both sides: $\int_{[A]_0}^{[A]} \frac{d[A]}{[A]^2} = -k \int_{0}^{t} dt$ $\left[ -\frac{1}{[A]} \right]_{[A]_0}^{[A]} = -kt$ $- \frac{1}{[A]} + … Read more
Definition: Photolytic (or photodegradation) is the degradation of drug substances due to exposure to light, especially UV and visible light. It leads to chemical breakdown and loss of potency, or formation of toxic by-products. Mechanism: Light provides energy that excites electrons in drug molecules. Excited-state molecules may undergo bond cleavage, oxidation, or isomerization. Photodegradation can … Read more
