Estimation of Magnesium Sulfate by Complexometric Titration

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Estimation of Magnesium Sulfate by Complexometric Titration

Estimations of magnesium sulfate by complexometric titration involves titrating with EDTA using Eriochrome Black T as an indicator to determine magnesium content. Introduction of Estimation of Magnesium Sulfate by Complexometric Titration: Estimation of Magnesium Sulfate by Complexometric Titration In pharmaceutical analysis, the estimations of magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄) is done using complexometric titration with EDTA as … Read more

Estimation of Calcium Gluconate by Complexometric Titration

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Estimation of Calcium Gluconate by Complexometric Titration

Introduction of Estimation of Calcium Gluconate by Complexometric Titration: Estimation of Calcium Gluconate by Complexometric Titration in pharmaceutical analysis, calcium gluconate (Ca(C₆H₁₁O₇)₂) is estimated using complexometric titration with EDTA as the titrant. The titration is based on the formation of a stable complex between EDTA and calcium ions (Ca²⁺). Apparatus and Reagents: Burette Erlenmeyer flask … Read more

Catabolism of heme

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Catabolism of heme

Catabolism of heme is the process by which the heme molecule is broken down into simpler compounds. Catabolism of heme process primarily occurs in the liver and spleen and involves several key steps: Heme Oxygenase (HO): Reaction: Heme is broken down into biliverdin, carbon monoxide (CO), and free ferrous iron (Fe²⁺). Enzyme: Heme oxygenase (HO). Cofactors: … Read more

Racemization

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Racemization

Definition of Racemization: Racemization is the interconversion of enantiomers (optical isomers) that can lead to changes in biological activity. Mechanism: A chiral molecule can transform into its mirror-image isomer under certain conditions (pH, temperature, etc.). Examples:            Example Reaction (Racemization of Amino Acids):  L-AminoAcid —[pH, temperature]→ D-AminoAcid Thalidomide: One enantiomer is … Read more

Adrenaline (Epinephrine)

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Adrenaline (Epinephrine)

Adrenaline (also known as Epinephrine) a hormone and neurotransmitter produced by the adrenal glands, located on top of the kidneys. It plays a key role in the body’s “fight or flight” response by increasing heart rate, expanding airways, dilating pupils, and mobilizing energy stores. It prepares the body to respond quickly to stressful or dangerous … Read more

Reduction

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Reduction

Definition of Reduction: Reduction is the gain of electrons or loss of oxygen, often resulting in undesirable changes in drug activity or color. Examples: Example Reaction (Reduction of Nitro Compounds): RNO₂ + 6[H] → RNH₂ + 2H₂O Example Reaction (Reduction of Ketones to Alcohols): RCOR’ + 2[H] → RCHOH–R’ Prevention Strategies: Incorporate antioxidants or reducing … Read more

Noradrenaline (Norepinephrine)

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Noradrenaline, also known as norepinephrine, is a neurotransmitter and hormone involved in the body’s “fight or flight” response. It is produced primarily in the adrenal medulla and nerve endings of the sympathetic nervous system. Synthesis: Conversion from Dopamine of Noradrenaline: Enzyme: Dopamine β-hydroxylase. Process: Dopamine is hydroxylated to (norepinephrine). Cofactor Required: Ascorbic acid (vitamin C). … Read more

Oxidation

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Oxidation

Definition:  It is a chemical change involving electron loss, oxygen addition, or an increase in oxidation number during a reaction This process is essential in energy release, biological metabolism, corrosion, and many industrial applications. Mechanism: Free radicals generated by heat, light, or metal ions initiate chain reactions, resulting in oxidative degradation. Examples: Example Reaction (Phenol … Read more

Dopamine

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Dopamine

Dopamine helps transmit signals between nerve cells and is involved in how we feel pleasure. It’s often called the “feel-good” chemical, especially in the context of reward-driven behavior. Synthesis of Dopamine: Step 1: Conversion to L-DOPA: Enzyme: Tyrosine hydroxylase. Process: Tyrosine is hydroxylated to form L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA). Cofactors Required: Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) and oxygen. Mechanism: BH4 … Read more

Melatonin

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Melatonin

Melatonin is a natural hormone produced by the pineal gland in the brain that helps regulate the body’s sleep-wake cycle, also known as the circadian rhythm. Synthesis of Melatonin: Step 1: Conversion to N-acetylserotonin: Enzyme: Arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT). Process: Serotonin is acetylated to form N-acetylserotonin. Mechanism: AANAT transfers an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to serotonin, … Read more

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