The conversion of cholesterol into bile acids, steroid hormones, and vitamin D refers to the biochemical transformation of cholesterol into essential molecules that play critical roles in digestion, endocrine function, and calcium homeostasis. These metabolic pathways occur in different tissues and are tightly regulated to maintain physiological balance. Conversion of Cholesterol into Bile Acids: Primary … Read more

The biological significance of cholesterol in the human body is vast and multifaceted, involving its role in cell membrane structure, as a precursor for vital compounds, and more. Here’s an organized explanation of Biological significance of cholesterol: Cell Membrane Structure and Function: Cholesterol is essential in animal cell membranes, helping to maintain the right fluidity … Read more

De novo synthesis of fatty acids refers to the process by which fatty acids are synthesized from simpler precursors, such as acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA. Palmitic acid (C16:0) is the primary product of this synthesis in humans. The process of mainly occurs in the cytosol of hepatocytes (liver cells) and adipocytes (fat cells). Key Steps in the … Read more

Ketoacidosis is a serious condition characterized by the accumulation of ketone bodies in the blood, leading to a decrease in blood pH and resulting in metabolic acidosis. Definition and Pathophysiology: Ketoacidosis is a pathological condition characterized by elevated levels of ketone bodies in the blood, leading to a decrease in blood pH. It occurs when … Read more

Ketone bodies are water-soluble molecules produced by the liver as an alternative energy source when glucose is scarce, such as during fasting, prolonged exercise, or a low-carbohydrate diet. The three main ketone bodies are acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), and acetone. Formation of ketone bodies (ketogenesis): Location: Mitochondria of liver cells When glucose levels are low, fatty … Read more

β-Oxidation is the primary pathway for breaking down fatty acids to generate energy. In this process, fatty acids are converted into acetyl-CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle (TCA cycle) to produce ATP. Here’s a detailed explanation of the beta-oxidation of palmitic acid, a saturated fatty acid with 16 carbons (C16:0). 1. Activation and Transport into … Read more