In vitro drug dissolution models evaluate drug release from dosage forms using methods like USP apparatus for bioavailability prediction. In-vitro drug dissolution models In-vitro drug dissolution models are essential in pharmaceutical research to study drug release from formulations like tablets and capsules. These models help predict drug dissolution, absorption, and bioavailability, ensuring consistent drug quality. … Read more

In Vitro In Vivo Correlation IVIVC links drug dissolution data with bioavailability to predict absorption and therapeutic performance. In-Vitro-In-Vivo Correlation (IVIVC) IVIVC is a predictive mathematical model that links in-vitro drug dissolution with in-vivo pharmacokinetic performance. It helps estimate drug behavior in the body based on laboratory dissolution data, aiding in formulation development, regulatory approvals, … Read more

Measurement of bioavailability involves plasma drug concentration, urinary excretion data, and pharmacokinetic parameters. Bioavailability is measured using pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic methods to assess the extent and rate of drug absorption. A. Pharmacokinetic Measurement Pharmacokinetic methods analyze drug concentration in the body over time to determine how much reaches systemic circulation. The two main approaches are: … Read more

Absolute and Relative Bioavailability explain the extent and rate of drug absorption compared to intravenous and standard formulations. Absolute Bioavailability (Fabs) Measures how much of a drug enters the bloodstream after non-IV administration (e.g., oral, subcutaneous, transdermal) compared to IV administration. IV drugs have 100 Formula: $F_{\text{abs}} = \frac{AUC_{\text{extravascular}} \times \text{Dose}_{IV}}{AUC_{IV} \times \text{Dose}_{\text{extravascular}}}$ Where: AUC … Read more

Non renal routes of drug excretion of drug include biliary, pulmonary, salivary, sweat, and milk pathways for elimination. Non renal routes of drug excretion of drug Although the kidneys represent the primary excretory route for most drugs, several other pathways can also contribute to drug elimination: Biliary and Fecal Excretion Many drugs, especially larger, more … Read more

Bioavailability BA definition and objectives explain the rate and extent of drug absorption reaching systemic circulation. Bioavailability (BA) definition and objectives Definition of Bioavailability Bioavailability is defined as the fraction (F) of an administered drug dose that reaches systemic circulation in an unchanged form and is available for therapeutic action. It includes both: Extent of … Read more