Understand the rules for import under license or permit, and how they regulate drug and cosmetic entry into India legally. Licensing Authority: Importing drugs and cosmetics into India requires obtaining the necessary licenses or permits from the Central Licensing Authority. The process involves: Requirements: The process involves: Application to Import under License or Permit: Importers … Read more
Introduction to Pre formulation studies involve the investigation of physical and chemical properties of a drug to develop safe, effective, and stable dosage. Introduction to Pre-formulation: Aims to develop stable and effective dosage forms. Definition of Pre formulation studies: Pre-formulation is the initial phase in the drug development process that involves the comprehensive characterization of … Read more
Amino acids are organic molecules that serve as the building blocks of proteins. They play essential roles in biological processes, acting as precursors for biomolecules and providing energy under certain conditions. Each amino acid consists of: Amino group (-NH₂) Carboxyl group (-COOH) Hydrogen atom (-H) Variable side chain (R group) that determines its properties and … Read more
Nucleic acids are large, complex biomolecules essential for storing genetic information, synthesizing proteins, and regulating gene expression. They are composed of nucleotides, which consist of a pentose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. These molecules primarily contain carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P). Classification of Nucleic Acids Nucleic … Read more
Lipids are a broad and diverse group of hydrophobic (water-insoluble) organic compounds composed mainly of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O). Some lipid may also contain nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). They play essential roles in energy storage, membrane structure, signaling, and protection in living organisms. Classification of Lipids Lipids are categorized based on … Read more
Carbohydrate are vital organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, typically in a ratio of 1:2:1. These molecules play a pivotal role as an essential nutrient and primary energy source for most living organisms, besides serving structural functions in some instances. Classification of Carbohydrate Carbohydrate are categorized based on their complexity into: Monosaccharides … Read more
Thermodynamic Treatment of Stability constants quantify the strength of the complex formed between a central atom and ligands. Understanding their thermodynamics is crucial for predicting complex behavior in various conditions. Stability Constants (Formation Constants) Definition: Equilibrium constants representing the formation of a complex from its components. Notation: K_f = [Complex]ⁿ / ([Metal]ᵐ × [Ligand]ᵖ) Types: … Read more
Crystalline structures of complexes refer to the ordered, repeating arrangements of atoms, ions, or molecules within a complex. These structures are influenced by the central atom or ion, the ligands, and the nature of the bonding between them. Understanding these structures is crucial for applications in drug design, catalysis, and material science. Below are the … Read more
Complexation and Drug Action is the process where a central atom or ion forms a complex with one or more ligands. In the context of drug action, complexation can influence various aspects of a drug’s pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, ultimately affecting its therapeutic efficacy. Solubility Enhancement: Complexation can improve the solubility of poorly soluble drugs, leading … Read more
Protein binding refers to the reversible association of a molecule, typically a drug or other bioactive compound, with one or more proteins in the body. T he most common proteins involved in this process are plasma proteins, such as albumin, α1-acid glycoprotein, and lipoproteins. It is binding can significantly impact the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of … Read more
