Quinidine Sulphate is a class Ia anti-arrhythmic used to treat atrial and ventricular arrhythmias by slowing heart conduction. Structure of Quinidine Sulphate Quinidine sulphate is a stereoisomer of quinine, belonging to the class IA antiarrhythmic agents. It features a quinoline structure with a stereocenter that distinguishes it from quinine. Chemical Formula: C₂₄H₂₉NO₄S Mode of Action … Read more
Anti-arrhythmic drugs correct irregular heartbeats by altering cardiac impulses to restore normal rhythm and heart function. Anti-arrhythmic drugs are medications used to treat and prevent abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias). These drugs work by modifying the electrical activity of the heart to restore and maintain a normal heart rhythm, thereby ensuring efficient blood circulation throughout the … Read more
Arrhythmia is an abnormal heart rhythm caused by irregular electrical activity, leading to a heartbeat that is too fast, too slow, or erratic. Definition of Arrhythmia: Arrhythmia is an irregular heart rhythm, causing the heart to beat too fast, too slow, or erratically, impacting its blood-pumping efficiency. Types of Arrhythmias: Tachycardia: Fast heart rate (>100 … Read more
Types of Bioassay: Include quantal, graded, and endpoint assays to measure drug effects. Types of Bioassay: Used to determine potency, efficacy, and standardization of drugs. Bioassays can be broadly classified based on the nature of the biological system used and the type of response measured. Types of Bioassay Graded Response Bioassay Measures the intensity of … Read more
Drugs acting on the uterus play pivotal roles in various obstetric and gynecological settings, including labor induction, management of postpartum hemorrhage, prevention of preterm labor, and medical abortion. Drugs Acting on the Uterus: Include oxytocics (stimulate contraction) and tocolytics (inhibit contraction). 1. Uterine Stimulants (Oxytocics): Oxytocin: Source: Produced in the hypothalamus, secreted by the posterior … Read more
Principles and Applications of Bioassay: Involve comparing test samples with standards for potency. Principles and Applications of Bioassay: Used in drug development, toxicity testing, and quality control. Bioassay Bioassays are analytical methods that use living organisms, cells, or biological systems to measure the concentration or potency of a substance, such as a hormone or drug. … Read more
Oral contraceptives (OCs) are medications taken by mouth to prevent pregnancy. Oral Contraceptives typically contain a combination of estrogens and progestins or progestin-only formulations. Types: Combined Oral Contraceptive (COCs): Contain both estrogen and progestin (e.g., ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel). Progestin-Only Pills (POPs): Contain only progestin (e.g., norethindrone). Mechanism of Action: Inhibition of Ovulation: Suppression of the … Read more
Definition of Progesterone: Progesterone is a female sex hormone essential for the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and embryogenesis. Physiology: Secreted primarily by the corpus luteum in the ovary and the placenta during pregnancy. Roles: Prepares and maintains the endometrium for implantation. Decreases uterine contractions. Thickens cervical mucus to prevent sperm penetration. Pharmacological Agents: Progesterones: Natural form … Read more
Definition of Estrogens: Estrogens are female sex hormones essential for reproductive tissue development, breast growth, and bone health. Physiological Sources: Produced primarily by the ovaries (granulosa cells) and the placenta during pregnancy. Types of Estrogens: Endogenous: Estradiol (most potent), estrone, estriol. Exogenous (Synthetic): Ethinylestradiol, conjugated estrogens. Pharmacological Actions: Female Sexual Development: Growth and maturation … Read more
Definition of Anabolic Steroids: Anabolic steroids are synthetic derivatives of testosterone designed to maximize anabolic (muscle-building) effects while minimizing androgenic (masculinizing) Anabolic Steroid: Used medically for anemia, delayed puberty; misused in sports for performance enhancement. Physiological Roles: Promote muscle and bone growth with reduced androgenic activity. Examples: Nandrolone, Oxandrolone, Stanozolol. Pharmacological Actions: Anabolic Actions: Promote … Read more
