Typhoid fever is a systemic bacterial infection caused by Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi (commonly called Salmonella typhi). It primarily affects the gastrointestinal system and can lead to severe complications if untreated. Signs and Symptoms Early Stage: Fever: Starts low and increases daily. Weakness: General feeling of malaise. Abdominal Pain: Discomfort in the abdominal area. Headache: … Read more

Meningitis is the inflammation of the membranes (meninges) surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It is a medical emergency due to the potential for rapid progression and severe complications, including death. Signs and Symptoms General Symptoms: Severe Headache: A hallmark of meningitis, often described as the worst headache of one’s life. Fever: High temperature, often … Read more

Infectious Diseases are illnesses caused by pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Infectious diseases can spread directly (e.g., person-to-person contact) or indirectly (e.g., through vectors like insects or contaminated surfaces). Types of Pathogens Bacteria: Cause diseases like tuberculosis and strep throat. Viruses: Cause influenza, HIV/AIDS, and COVID-19. Fungi: Cause athlete’s foot and ringworm. … Read more

Signs and Symptoms of Cancer Signs are objective, observable indicators of a disease (e.g., fever, rash), seen or measured by a doctor. Symptoms are subjective experiences felt by the patient (e.g., pain, fatigue). Together, they help in diagnosing and managing medical conditions effectively. Common signs and symptoms of cancer include: Unexplained Weight Loss Persistent Fatigue … Read more

The pathogenesis of cancer involves a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors leading to the transformation of normal cells into malignant ones. Key mechanisms and processes of Pathogenesis of Cancer include: 1. Genetic Mutations Oncogenes: Mutations activate genes like RAS and MYC, causing uncontrolled cell proliferation. Tumor Suppressor Genes: Inactivation of genes like … Read more

The etiology of cancer involves a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Here are the primary factors contributing to Etiology cancer development: 1. Genetic Factors Inherited Mutations: Certain genetic mutations increase cancer risk. For example: BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations are linked to higher risks of breast and ovarian cancers. Family History: A family history … Read more

Cancer Classification is based on several criteria including the tissue of origin, the type of cell involved, and the degree of malignancy. Here is a detailed classification: 1. Cancer Classification Based on Tissue of Origin Carcinomas: These are cancers that arise from epithelial cells, which line the inside and outside surfaces of the body. Carcinomas … Read more

Gout is a type of inflammatory arthritis caused by elevated levels of uric acid in the blood, leading to the formation of urate crystals in the joints. This results in sudden and severe pain, redness, swelling, and tenderness in the affected joints, often the big toe. Gout attacks can occur suddenly and are often very … Read more

Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by weakened bones, increasing the risk of fractures. It occurs when the creation of new bone doesn’t keep up with the removal of old bone. This leads to bones becoming porous and fragile. Overview of Osteoporosis: It is a bone disease characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone … Read more