Preparation of Sodium Thiosulfate: Sodium thiosulfate is prepared by reacting sulfur dioxide with a sodium sulfite solution, followed by the addition of elemental sulfur: SO2 + 2Na2SO3 + S → 2Na2S2O3 Properties of Sodium Thiosulfate: A colorless, odorless, and crystalline compound. Highly soluble in water. Also known as “hypo.” Uses Antidote for Cyanide Poisoning: Used … Read more
A poison is a harmful substance that can cause illness or death, while an antidote is a remedy that counteracts or neutralizes the effects of a poison Poison Definition: A poison is any substance that can cause harm or death when introduced into or absorbed by a living organism. Sources: Poisons can originate from chemicals, … Read more
Preparation of Ferrous Gluconate: It can be prepared by reacting ferrous sulfate with sodium gluconate: $ {FeSO4 + Na2C6H12O7 -> FeC12H22O14 + Na2SO4} $ Properties of Ferrous Gluconate: Physical Appearance: Yellowish-gray to light green crystalline powder. Solubility: Soluble in water with a mildly sweet taste. Nature: Non-toxic, biodegradable compound. Melting Point: About 180°C (356°F). Uses … Read more
Preparation of Ferrous Sulfate: Ferrous sulfate can be prepared by: Reacting iron metal with dilute sulfuric acid: Fe + H2SO4 → FeSO4 + H2 Reacting ferrous oxide with sulfuric acid: FeO + H2SO4 → FeSO4 + H2O Reacting ferrous hydroxide with sulfuric acid: Fe(OH)2 + H2SO4 → FeSO4 + 2H2O Properties of Ferrous Sulfate: Physical … Read more
Overview of Haematinics: Haematinics are medicines used to treat and prevent anemia, a condition marked by a deficiency of healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is essential for oxygen transport in the body, and its deficiency can result in symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, and dizziness. Haematinics provide the necessary nutrients … Read more
Preparation of Sodium Potassium Tartrate Prepared by neutralizing a mixture of tartaric acid with equimolar amounts of sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide: C4H6O6 + NaOH + KOH → NaKC4H4O6 + 2H2O Properties of Sodium Potassium Tartrate Physical Appearance: Colorless crystalline solid. Solubility: Soluble in water, with a mildly sweet, tart taste. Nature: Non-toxic, biodegradable compound. … Read more
Preparation of Copper Sulfate: Copper sulfate can be prepared by: Reacting copper metal with hot concentrated sulfuric acid: Cu + 2H2SO4 → CuSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O Reacting copper oxide with dilute sulfuric acid: CuO + H2SO4 → CuSO4 + H2O Properties of Copper Sulfate: Physical Appearance: Blue crystalline solid when hydrated (CuSO₄·5H₂O) and a … Read more
Ferrous metals contain iron and are magnetic and strong; nonferrous metals lack iron, resist corrosion, and are used for lightweight and non-magnetic applications. Ferrous Metals Ferrous metals contain iron as their main component. These metals are known for their strength and durability and are commonly used in construction, manufacturing, and other heavy industries. Examples: Steel: … Read more
When selecting materials for constructing a pharmaceutical plant, consider the following factors to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance: Factors affecting during materials selected for pharmaceutical plant construction Regulatory Compliance: FDA/EMA Guidelines: Materials must meet standards from regulatory bodies. GMP: Compliance with Good Manufacturing Practices is essential. Chemical Compatibility: Resistance and Non-reactivity: Materials must resist and … Read more
Organic and inorganic nonmetals refer to nonmetal elements found in carbon-based compounds (organic) and those not involving carbon-hydrogen bonds (inorganic). Inorganic Nonmetals Inorganic nonmetals are elements or compounds that do not contain carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds. They are generally derived from minerals and other non-organic sources. Examples of Inorganic Nonmetals: Silicon: Used in semiconductors, glass, and … Read more
