Adaptive changes are modifications that cells undergo in response to chronic stress or injurious stimuli, allowing them to survive and maintain function. These changes can be either physiological (normal) or pathological (abnormal). The main types of adaptive changes include atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, and dysplasia. 1. Atrophy Description: Reduction in cell size and function due … Read more
Morphology of cell injury refers to the structural and functional changes in cells due to harmful stimuli or stressors. These Morphology of cell injury changes can be reversible or irreversible, observable through various microscopy and biochemical techniques. Reversible Cell Injury Reversible cell injury involves changes that can be reversed if the stressor is removed. Common … Read more
Cellular damage occurs when various factors disrupt the normal functioning of cellular components, such as cell membranes, mitochondria, ribosomes, and nuclei. Understanding the pathogenesis of this damage is crucial to comprehending how cells respond to stressors and how injury can lead to cell dysfunction or death. Cell Membrane Damage Cellular damage cell membrane is a … Read more
Genes are fundamental components of DNA that play a crucial role in heredity and the expression of traits in organisms. They encode the instructions for the synthesis of proteins and functional RNA, which are essential for various biological processes. Understanding the structure, function, and regulation of gene is key to genetics, molecular biology, and evolutionary … Read more
Cause of Cell injury refers to the structural or functional impairment of a cell resulting from exposure to harmful stimuli or stressors. It can disrupt normal cellular processes and lead to cell dysfunction or death. Types of Cell Injury Reversible Cause Cell injury Occurs when a harmful stimulus is mild or removed. The cell can … Read more
Principle of Membrane Filters Membrane filters operate on the principle of selective permeability, allowing certain molecules or particles to pass through while retaining others. They use a thin, semi-permeable membrane for filtration. Construction of Membrane Filters Membrane: Made from materials like cellulose acetate, polyamide, or polysulfone. Support Structure: Holds the membrane in place and provides … Read more
Morphological Features of Cell Injury are structural changes in cells caused by harmful stimuli. In reversible injury, cells may swell, accumulate fat, and show mild organelle damage. In irreversible injury, more severe changes occur, such as membrane rupture and nuclear alterations like pyknosis, karyorrhexis, and karyolysis, often leading to necrosis or apoptosis. Morphological Features help … Read more
Principle of Silverson Emulsifier: The Silverson emulsifier operates on the principle of high-shear mixing. It uses a rotor-stator mechanism to create intense shear forces that emulsify, homogenize, and mix materials efficiently. Construction of Silverson Emulsifier: Rotor: High-speed rotating element. Stator: Stationary element with perforations or slots. Drive System: Motor to drive the rotor. Mixing Head: … Read more
Principles of Drum Dryer Drum drying involves spreading a liquid or slurry on a rotating heated drum. As the drum rotates, the material dries and is then scraped off. Construction of Drum Dryer Rotating Drum: Hollow drum heated internally by steam or other means. Feed System: Feeds material onto the drum surface. Doctor Blade: Scrapes … Read more
Principles of Spray Dryer Spray drying involves converting a liquid into a fine spray and then drying it using hot gas. This method allows for rapid drying and production of fine powders. Construction of Spray Dryer Atomizer: Converts liquid into fine droplets. Drying Chamber: Large chamber where hot air dries the droplets. Heating System: Heats … Read more
