Preparation of Chlorinated Lime: Prepared by passing chlorine gas through slaked lime (calcium hydroxide): 2Ca(OH)2 + 2Cl2 → Ca(ClO)2 + CaCl2 + 2H2O2 Properties: White to grayish-white powder with a chlorine-like odor. Soluble in water, forming a clear solution. Strong oxidizing and bleaching agent. Chemical formula: Ca(ClO)₂. Uses: As a disinfectant for water purification and … Read more

Preparation of Hydrogen Peroxide: Industrially, It is prepared by the anthraquinone process, where anthraquinone is hydrogenated to form anthrahydroquinone, which reacts with oxygen to produce H2O2: $\mathrm{C_6H_4(CO)_2(CH_2)_2 + H_2 \rightarrow C_6H_4(COH)_2(CH_2)_2}$​ $\mathrm{C_6H_4(COH)_2(CH_2)_2 + O_2 \rightarrow C_6H_4(CO)_2(CH_2)_2 + H_2O_2}$ Properties of Hydrogen Peroxide: Colorless liquid with a slightly sharp odor. Miscible with water in all proportions. … Read more

Preparation of Boric Acid: It is prepared by reacting borax (sodium tetraborate decahydrate) with a mineral acid such as hydrochloric acid: $\mathrm{Na_2B_4O_7 \cdot 10H_2O + 2HCl \rightarrow 4H_3BO_3 + 2NaCl + 5H_2O}$ Properties of Boric Acid: White, odorless crystalline powder. Slightly soluble in cold water and more soluble in hot water. Weakly acidic, with mild … Read more

Preparation of Potassium Permanganate: it is industrially prepared by reacting manganese dioxide (MnO₂) with potassium hydroxide (KOH) and a strong oxidizing agent like potassium nitrate (KNO₃) or oxygen. The mixture is heated to form potassium manganate (K₂MnO₄), which is then oxidized to potassium permanganate: $2\mathrm{MnO}_2 + 4\mathrm{KOH} + \mathrm{O}_2 \rightarrow 2\mathrm{K}_2\mathrm{MnO}_4 + 2\mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O}_2$ $3\mathrm{K}_2\mathrm{MnO}_4 + … Read more

Introduction to Antimicrobials: Antimicrobials are agents that kill microorganisms or inhibit their growth, playing a critical role in treating and preventing infections in humans, animals, and plants. This group includes antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, and antiparasitics, each with varying mechanisms of action depending on the type of microorganism they target. Mechanism of Action of Antimicrobials: Antimicrobials … Read more

Preparation of Bentonite: Bentonite is a naturally occurring clay, mainly composed of montmorillonite (a type of smectite). Obtained through mining and purification processes like washing, sedimentation, and centrifugation to remove impurities and achieve the desired properties. Properties of Bentonite: Light gray or cream-colored fine powder Odorless Insoluble in water but forms a colloidal suspension High … Read more

Preparation of Kaolin: Kaolin is a naturally occurring clay mineral, primarily composed of kaolinite (Al₂Si₂O₅(OH)₄). Obtained through mining and purification processes such as washing, sedimentation, and centrifugation to remove impurities and achieve the desired particle size. Properties of Kaolin: White or off-white, fine powder Odorless Insoluble in water Chemically inert Uses: As an adsorbent in … Read more

Preparation of Sodium Orthophosphate: Prepared by reacting phosphoric acid with sodium hydroxide: Properties of Sodium Orthophosphate: White, crystalline powder Odorless Soluble in water Chemical formula: Na₃PO₄ Uses: As a saline laxative to treat constipation As a food additive to regulate acidity As a water treatment agent to prevent corrosion Storage: Store in a cool, dry … Read more