Principle of Molecular Distillation: Molecular distillation is a type of vacuum distillation performed at extremely low pressures, allowing the distillation of high molecular weight, thermally unstable compounds. It involves a short path between the evaporator and the condenser. Methodology of Molecular Distillation: Setup: Includes a high vacuum system, short-path distillation apparatus, and a cold trap. … Read more
Principle of Vacuum Distillation: Distillation under reduced pressure (vacuum distillation) lowers the boiling points of the components in the mixture by reducing the ambient pressure, allowing distillation to occur at lower temperatures. Methodology of Vacuum Distillation: Setup: Similar to simple or fractional distillation but includes a vacuum pump to reduce the pressure in the apparatus. … Read more
The breast, or mammary gland, is a paired, modified sweat gland located on the anterior thoracic wall. Its primary biological function is to produce and secrete milk to nourish infants, a process known as lactation. The breast is composed of glandular tissue (lobes and lobules), connective tissue (including fat), ducts that transport milk to the … Read more
The female reproductive system consists of internal and external organs that function together for reproduction, hormone regulation, and the menstrual cycle. These organs are categorized into primary and accessory Primary Organ: Ovaries: The primary reproductive organs in female reproductive system responsible for producing ova (eggs) and secreting the hormones estrogen and progesterone. Each ovary contains … Read more
Economy of Multiple Effect Evaporator: Defined as the amount of steam required to evaporate a given amount of water. Steam Economy = kg of water evaporated / kg of steam used. In a single-effect evaporator, the steam economy is approximately 1. In multiple effect evaporators, the steam economy improves significantly, often reaching values of 3-6, … Read more
Sperm, or spermatozoa, are male reproductive cells that fertilize the female egg (ovum) to create an embryo, leading to the development of a fetus. Structure of Sperm (Spermatozoa) Sperm cells have a specialized structure consisting of three main parts: Head: Contains the nucleus with genetic material (DNA) passed to the offspring. Covered by the acrosome, … Read more
Male reproductive system is responsible for producing, storing, and transporting sperm and hormones needed for reproduction. It consists of both internal and external organs that work together to facilitate these functions. Here’s a detailed look at the Male reproductive system and its organs, classified as either primary or accessory organs: Primary Organ: Testes (Testicles): Located … Read more
Principle of Multiple Effect Evaporator: Utilizes the vapor produced from one effect (stage) to heat the next effect, thus reusing energy and improving overall efficiency. Construction of Multiple Effect Evaporator: Effects (Stages): Multiple evaporators connected in series. Heat Exchangers: In each effect where the liquid is heated. Condensers: To condense the vapor from each effect. … Read more
Principle of Forced Circulation Evaporator: Uses mechanical pumps to circulate the liquid through the evaporator, enhancing the heat transfer rate and preventing fouling and scaling. Construction of Forced Circulation Evaporator: Heat Exchanger: Typically, a shell and tube design where the liquid is heated. Circulation Pump: Forces the liquid through the heat exchanger. Evaporator Body: Where … Read more
Principle of Simple Distillation: This distillation separates components of a mixture based on differences in their boiling points, typically when the boiling points differ significantly (more than 25°C). Methodology: Setup: Consists of a distillation flask, a heat source, a condenser, and a receiving flask. Heating: The mixture is heated in the distillation flask. Vaporization: The … Read more
