Particle Size and Distribution describe how particles vary in dimensions within a system. It affects drug dissolution, bioavailability, and stability. Particle Size Refers to the dimension of individual particles. Most pharmaceutical powders consist of irregularly shaped particles. Particle size is typically expressed as an equivalent diameter (the diameter of a sphere with similar properties, such … Read more

Micromeritics is the science and technology of small particles, particularly in the micron or submicron range. It is crucial in pharmaceutical formulations because particle size influences: Dissolution rate Bioavailability Flow properties Mixing and compaction Stability (suspensions and emulsions)

Methods of Emulsion Formulation include dry gum, wet gum, bottle, and in-situ soap methods. It ensures stable emulsions for pharmaceuticals, foods, and cosmetics. Emulsion formulation involves the dispersion of one immiscible liquid into another with the help of an emulsifying agent. The goal is to create a stable and uniform system. Common Methods Used in … Read more

Rheological Properties of Emulsions reveal interactions between dispersed droplets and continuous phase. Rheological Properties of Emulsions is the study of flow and deformation of matter. In emulsions, rheology influences pourability, spreadability, stability, and user acceptability. Flow Behavior Types: Newtonian: Viscosity remains constant (e.g., water, some dilute emulsions) Non-Newtonian: Pseudoplastic (shear-thinning): Viscosity decreases with shear (common … Read more

Preservation of Emulsions ensures product safety, stability, and therapeutic effectiveness. It is essential to prevent microbial contamination, chemical degradation, and to extend shelf life during storage. Methods of Preservation Use of Preservatives Common preservatives: Parabens (methylparaben, propylparaben) Phenoxyethanol Sorbic acid Benzyl alcohol Must be effective in both aqueous and oily phases. Antioxidants (for oil phase) … Read more

Stability of Emulsions refers to the ability of dispersed droplets to resist coalescence and phase separation. It is vital in pharmaceuticals, foods, and cosmetics for product effectiveness. Stability refers to the ability of an emulsion to resist changes such as separation, creaming, cracking, or phase inversion over time. Types of Instability in Emulsions Instability may … Read more

Definition of Multiple Emulsions: Multiple emulsions are complex systems where emulsions exist within emulsions. Common types include: W/O/W: Water-in-oil-in-water O/W/O: Oil-in-water-in-oil Example (W/O/W): Internal water droplets are dispersed in oil droplets, which are further dispersed in an external water phase. Applications: Controlled and sustained drug release Masking taste or odor Targeted drug delivery Cosmetics and … Read more

Theories of Emulsification aid in formulating stable pharmaceutical and food emulsions. Theories of Emulsification explain how emulsifying agents stabilize oil-water mixtures. These are theories that explain the formation and stabilization of emulsions: Monomolecular Theory Emulsifying agents like surfactants form a monomolecular film at the oil-water interface. These molecules have hydrophilic (water-loving) and lipophilic (oil-loving) ends, … Read more

Definition of Microemulsions: Microemulsions are thermodynamically stable, transparent or translucent emulsions composed of oil, water, surfactant, and co-surfactant. Key Features: Droplet size: 10–100 nm High clarity (may appear clear or slightly bluish) Spontaneous formation (with gentle mixing) High stability compared to conventional emulsions Types: O/W microemulsion W/O microemulsion Bicontinuous microemulsions Components Oil phase: Medium-chain triglycerides, … Read more