Reactions of Acridine involve electrophilic substitution, oxidation, and reduction processes important in pharmaceuticals and dyes. Reactions of Acridine Electrophilic Substitution (EAS) Preferred at positions 2 and 7 (central ring). Examples: Nitration: 2-nitroacridine (HNO₃ + H₂SO₄) Halogenation: Br₂ → 2-bromoacridine Nucleophilic Substitution (NAS) C-9 and neighboring positions can undergo substitution when activated (e.g., by halogen + … Read more
Synthesis of Acridine covers Bernthsen condensation, Ullmann coupling, and intramolecular cyclization for dyes and drug discovery. Bernthsen Synthesis (Classical Method) Reactants: Diphenylamine + Carboxylic acid (or acid anhydride) Catalyst: Zinc chloride (ZnCl₂) Conditions: High temperature (~250–270 °C) Reaction: Diphenylamine + Formic acid → Acridine + Water Mechanism: Involves Friedel–Crafts acylation, cyclization, and dehydration. From Anthranilic … Read more
Acridine is a nitrogen heterocyclic compound used in dyes, antiseptics, and anticancer research in medicinal chemistry. Chemical Formula of Acridine: C₁₃H₉N Physical Properties of Acridine: Property Value Appearance Yellow crystalline solid Melting Point ~110 °C Boiling Point ~345 °C Solubility Slightly soluble in water, soluble in ethanol and ether Basicity pKa ~5.5 Medicinal Uses: Used … Read more
Reactions of Isoquinoline include electrophilic substitution, nucleophilic substitution, oxidation, and reduction important in medicinal chemistry. Reactions of Isoquinoline Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution (EAS) Preferred at benzene ring positions: Especially C-5 and C-8 (similar to quinoline). EAS is harder on the pyridine ring (C-1 to C-4). Examples: Nitration: HNO₃/H₂SO₄ → 5-nitroisoquinoline Bromination: Br₂/FeBr₃ → 5-bromoisoquinoline Sulfonation: Concentrated … Read more
Introduction to Colloidal Dispersions explains systems with particles sized 1–1000 nm dispersed in a medium. Introduction to Colloidal Dispersions highlights applications in pharmacy, food, cosmetics, and medicine. Colloidal Dispersions is a biphasic system where very small particles (1–1000 nm) of one substance (dispersed phase) are evenly distributed throughout another (dispersion medium). It bridges the gap … Read more
Protective Action of Colloids prevents coagulation by stabilizing dispersed particles. It is vital in pharmaceuticals, food, and industrial formulations. Definition: The ability of lyophilic colloids to protect lyophobic colloids from coagulation by electrolytes. Mechanism: Lyophilic colloids form a protective layer around lyophobic particles, preventing them from aggregating. Protective Colloid: A lyophilic colloid (such as gelatin … Read more
Definition of Peptization: Peptization is the Process of converting a precipitate into colloidal dispersion by adding a peptizing agent (usually an electrolyte or surfactant). Mechanism of Peptization: Peptizing agent imparts electrical charge to the precipitate particles. This causes repulsion, breaking them into colloidal size. Example: Fe(OH)₃ precipitate + FeCl₃ → Fe(OH)₃ colloid. Use in Pharma: … Read more
Coacervation is the separation of colloids into two liquid phases, rich and poor in dispersed particles. It is used in microencapsulation, pharmaceuticals, and controlled drug delivery systems. Definition of Coacervation: A phase separation process where colloids separate into two liquid phases: Dispersed phase (coacervate) – rich in colloidal material Equilibrium phase – depleted in colloid … Read more
Effect of Electrolytes on Colloidal Stability explains how ions alter charge, causing coagulation or stability. Effect of Electrolytes on Colloidal Stability is key in pharmaceuticals, water treatment, and food systems. Electrolytes play a crucial role in determining colloidal stability by influencing the surface charge and electric double layer surrounding colloidal particles. 1. Coagulation and Double … Read more
Electrical Properties of Colloids explain charge, electrophoresis, and electro-osmosis in dispersions. Colloidal particles typically carry a surface charge when dispersed in a medium. Electrical Properties of Colloids determine stability and behavior of colloidal systems. This charge influences their stability, interactions, and movement under electric fields. The key electrical properties include: 1. Electric Double Layer Colloidal … Read more