Reactions of Quinoline involve electrophilic substitution, nucleophilic substitution, oxidation, and reduction crucial in drug development. Reactions of Quinoline Electrophilic Substitution (EAS) Preferred Sites: C-5 and C-8 on the benzene ring (electron-rich) C-3 and C-4 are deactivated Typical Reactions: Nitration (mild): C-5 or C-8 Sulfonation: C-5 or C-8 Halogenation: Br₂ or Cl₂ at benzene ring positions … Read more

Synthesis of Quinoline covers Skraup, Doebner–Miller, Friedländer, and Combes routes with key reagents, mechanisms, and uses. Skraup Synthesis (classical method) Reactants: Aniline + glycerol + oxidizing acid (e.g., H₂SO₄ + nitrobenzene) Mechanism: Glycerol is dehydrated to acrolein, which condenses with aniline, followed by cyclization and oxidation. Reaction: Aniline  + Glycerol  +  H₂SO₄  +  Nitrobenzene  → … Read more

Quinoline is a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound widely used in antimalarial drugs, dyes, and medicinal chemistry research. Chemical Formula of Quinoline: C₉H₇N Physical Properties of Quinoline: Property Value Appearance Colorless to yellow liquid Boiling Point ~238 °C Melting Point ~-15 °C Solubility Slightly soluble in water Basicity Lower than pyridine (pKa ~4.9) Medicinal Uses: Core structure … Read more

Reactions of Pyridine include electrophilic substitution, nucleophilic substitution, oxidation, and reduction important in drug synthesis. Reactions of Pyridine Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution (EAS) Due to nitrogen’s electron-withdrawing nature, pyridine is much less reactive than benzene toward EAS. Preferred Positions: C-3 (meta) is the most reactive site for EAS (less destabilized intermediate). Deactivation: Protonation or complexation with … Read more

Synthesis of Pyridine covers Hantzsch, Kröhnke, and Bohlmann–Rahtz routes with reagents, mechanisms, and medicinal chemistry applications. Hantzsch Pyridine Synthesis (most common lab method) Reactants: Aldehyde + β-keto ester + ammonia Conditions: Reflux in ethanol Example: 2 CH₃COCH₂COOEt  +  CH₃CHO  +  NH₃  →  Dihydropyridine  →  Pyridine (oxidation) The dihydropyridine intermediate is oxidized (e.g., with nitric acid … Read more

Synthesis of Oxazole involves methods like Robinson-Gabriel synthesis, Fischer oxazole synthesis, and cyclization of α-acylaminoketones. Robinson–Gabriel Synthesis (Classical method) Reactants: α-acylaminoketones Reagents: Acidic dehydrating agents (e.g., P₂O₅, POCl₃) Reaction: R–CO–CH₂–NH–CO–R’ → Oxazole (via cyclodehydration) Mechanism: Intramolecular cyclization Dehydration Aromatization Bredereck Synthesis Reactants: α-haloketone + formamide Reaction: CH₃COCH₂Cl + HCONH₂ → 2-methyl-oxazole Good for substituted oxazoles … Read more