E–Z Nomenclature System uses Cahn–Ingold–Prelog rules to name isomers based on priority groups around a double bond (E = opposite, Z = same side). Why Use E-Z Nomenclature System? When each carbon in the double bond has two different substituents, the cis-trans system is not sufficient. In such cases, the E-Z system provides a consistent … Read more
Cis-Trans Nomenclature names geometrical isomers by positioning similar groups on the same side (cis) or opposite sides (trans) of a double bond or ring. When to Use: Use the Cis-Trans system when each carbon in the double bond has one identical group. It is suitable for: Simple alkenes with symmetrical groups, Cycloalkanes, where two substituents … Read more
Syn-Anti System (Syn-Anti Nomenclature) describes stereoisomers by the relative positions of substituents on adjacent atoms or double bonds. Applicability: This system is less commonly used for simple alkenes and more common in: Cyclic compounds Organic reaction mechanisms (especially eliminations and additions) Carbohydrate and organometallic chemistry Rules and Definitions of Syn-Anti System Syn: Two groups (atoms … Read more
Methods of Determination of Configuration of Geometrical Isomers involve techniques to identify cis-trans or E-Z arrangements in molecules. Methods of Determination of Configuration of Geometrical Isomers Geometrical isomerism (cis-trans or E-Z isomerism) occurs in compounds with restricted rotation (such as double bonds or cyclic structures), leading to different spatial arrangements of groups around the bond … Read more
Conformational Isomerism is a type of stereoisomerism that arises from rotation around single covalent bonds, producing different spatial arrangements of atoms without breaking bonds. These conformers, such as staggered, eclipsed, or gauche forms, often differ in stability and energy, influencing the physical and chemical properties of molecules. Definition of Conformational Isomerism Conformational isomers (or conformers) … Read more
Geometrical Isomerism is a type of stereoisomerism where compounds differ in spatial arrangement around a double bond or ring, such as cis and transforms. Definition of Geometrical Isomerism: Geometrical isomerism is a type of stereoisomerism (same molecular formula and bonding order, but different spatial arrangements of atoms or groups). It occurs due to the restricted … Read more
Tolmetin blocks COX enzymes, decreasing prostaglandins to relieve pain, fever, and inflammation. It is an NSAID used for osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and juvenile arthritis. Chemical Formula: C₁₅H₁₅NO₃ Mechanism of Action: Inhibits COX enzymes Also inhibits leukocyte migration (minor) Uses of Tolmetin: OA, RA, juvenile arthritis Side Effects of Tolmetin: GI upset Headache Less frequent CNS … Read more
Zomepirac (Withdrawn) was discontinued due to severe anaphylactic and hypersensitivity reactions. It was an NSAID once used for pain relief in arthritis and acute conditions. Chemical Formula: C₁₁H₁₂N₂O₃ Mechanism of Zomepirac (Withdrawn): Non-selective COX inhibitor Uses of Zomepirac (Withdrawn): Formerly used for moderate to severe pain Side Effects: Fatal anaphylactic reactions GI toxicity Notes: Withdrawn … Read more
Sulindac inhibits COX enzymes, lowering prostaglandin synthesis to reduce pain and swelling. It is an NSAID effective in treating arthritis, pain, and inflammation. Chemical Formula: C₂₀H₁₇FO₃S Mechanism of Action: Prodrug → converted to active sulfide metabolite Inhibits COX-1 and COX-2 Uses of Sulindac: RA, OA, gout Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) (off-label) Side Effects of Sulindac: … Read more
Indomethacin is an NSAID used to relieve pain, inflammation, arthritis, and gout. It works by inhibiting COX enzymes, reducing prostaglandin synthesis and inflammation. Chemical Formula: C₁₉H₁₆ClNO₄ Mechanism of Action: Potent non-selective COX inhibitor Reduces inflammation, pain, fever Uses of Indomethacin: Gout (acute) RA, OA, ankylosing spondylitis Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) closure in neonates Side Effects … Read more