Clozapine treats resistant schizophrenia, reducing hallucinations, delusions, and suicidal risk. It treats resistant schizophrenia, reducing hallucinations, delusions, and suicidal risk. Chemical Formula: C₁₈H₁₉ClN₄ Mechanism of Clozapine: Weak D2 antagonist, strong 5-HT2A, D4 antagonist Also affects M1, H1, α1 receptors Uses of Clozapine: Treatment-resistant schizophrenia Reduction of suicide risk in schizophrenia Side Effects: Agranulocytosis (requires WBC … Read more
Loxapine Succinate is an antipsychotic blocking dopamine and serotonin receptors in the CNS. It treats schizophrenia by reducing hallucinations, delusions, and agitation. Chemical Formula: C₁₈H₁₈ClN₃O·C₄H₆O₄ Mechanism of Loxapine Succinate: Antagonist at D2 and 5-HT2A Intermediate between typical and atypical antipsychotics Uses of Loxapine Succinate: Schizophrenia Agitation in bipolar or psychosis (inhalation form) Side Effects: Sedation … Read more
Hallucinogens are psychoactive drugs that alter perception, mood, and thought, often causing hallucinations. Definition of Hallucinogens: Substances that cause altered perception, hallucinations, and mood changes. Classification of Hallucinogens: Classical (Psychedelics) Primarily serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonists Examples: Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) Psilocybin (magic mushrooms) Mescaline (peyote cactus) DMT (dimethyltryptamine) Dissociative Antagonists of NMDA glutamate receptors Produce … Read more
Antimanic agents, or mood stabilizers, control manic episodes in bipolar disorder by stabilizing brain activity. Definition of Mood Stabilizers: Drugs that stabilize mood in bipolar disorder, preventing both manic and depressive episodes. Major Agents: Lithium Mechanism: Unclear; inhibits inositol monophosphatase, reduces second messenger activity Therapeutic index is narrow Anticonvulsants as Antimanic Agents: Valproic acid: increases … Read more
This article explains about the Anti-anxiety agents (anxiolytics) reduce anxiety and tension by calming the central nervous system. Definition of Anti-Anxiety Agents: Drugs that relieve anxiety symptoms without causing excessive sedation. Classification of Anti-Anxiety Agents (Anxiolytics): Benzodiazepines Examples: Diazepam, Lorazepam, Alprazolam Mechanism: Enhance GABA-A receptor activity → increased Cl⁻ influx → hyperpolarization Non-benzodiazepine Anxiolytics Buspirone: … Read more
Antidepressants are drugs that treat depression by balancing neurotransmitters like serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. Definition of Antidepressants: Drugs that elevate mood in depression, anxiety, OCD, and PTSD. Used to treat major depressive disorder (MDD), anxiety disorders, OCD, PTSD, and some types of chronic pain. Classification of Antidepressants: Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) Inhibit reuptake of … Read more
Antipsychotics are drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders by balancing dopamine and serotonin in the brain. Definition of Antipsychotics: Antipsychotics are drugs used primarily to manage psychotic disorders, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and delusional disorders. They are also known as neuroleptics or major tranquilizers. Classification of Antipsychotics: Typical (First-generation Examples: Chlorpromazine, … Read more
Thiothixene blocks dopamine receptors, reducing psychotic symptoms with tranquilizing effect. It is an antipsychotic used to manage schizophrenia and related psychiatric disorders. Chemical Formula: C₂₃H₂₉N₃OS₂ Mechanism of Thiothixene: Potent D2 antagonist Low activity at M1/H1 → less sedation, more EPS Uses of Thiothixene: Schizophrenia Side Effects: High EPS risk Akathisia Dystonia Less anticholinergic activity SAR … Read more
Chlorprothixene is a typical antipsychotic blocking dopamine receptor to reduce psychotic symptoms. Its schizophrenia, anxiety, and agitation with calming effects. Chemical Formula: C₁₈H₁₈ClNS Mechanism of Chlorprothixene: D2 receptor antagonist (typical antipsychotic) Also blocks H1, M1, α1 receptors Uses of Chlorprothixene: Schizophrenia Severe agitation Mania (adjunct) Side Effects: Sedation Anticholinergic effects Moderate EPS Notes: Similar to … Read more
Disulfiram (Antabuse) is a drug used in alcohol dependence that causes unpleasant effects when alcohol is consumed. Disulfiram (Antabuse) Mechanism of Action: Inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). This causes accumulation of acetaldehyde after alcohol consumption, leading to an aversive reaction: Flushing, throbbing headache, nausea, vomiting, chest pain, hypotension, palpitations, anxiety Disulfiram–Ethanol Reaction: Flushing, throbbing headache Nausea, … Read more
