Tragacanth is a natural gum obtained from Astragalus species, used as a stabilizer, emulsifier, and thickening agent. Tragacanth is applied in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and food industries for its binding, soothing, and suspending properties. General Information Synonyms: Gum Tragacanths, Shiraz gum. Biological Source: Dried exudate from Astragalus gummifer. Family: Fabaceae. Geographical Source: Found in Iran, Turkey, … Read more

Introduction to Primary Metabolites Primary metabolites are essential biochemical compounds required for the growth, development, and normal functioning of living organisms. Many Primary Metabolites have pharmaceutical and industrial applications. Unlike secondary metabolites, they are universally present and play a key role in metabolism, energy production, and cellular processes. Characteristics Essential for survival and metabolism. Continuously … Read more

Agar is a gelatinous substance from red algae used as a culture medium in microbiology and food industry. Agar supports microbial growth, acts as a stabilizer, thickener, and is vital in pharmaceutical formulations. General Information Synonyms: Agars-Agars, Gelose. Biological Source: Extracted from red algae Gelidium amansii, Gracilaria species. Family: Gelidiaceae, Gracilariaceae. Geographical Source: Found in … Read more

Acacia (Gum Arabic) is a natural gum exudate used as a stabilizer, emulsifier, and thickening agent in pharmaceuticals. Acacia (Gum Arabic) aids in binding tablets, coating drugs, and is widely applied in food, cosmetics, and medicinal products. General Information Synonyms: Gum Acacia, Gum Arabics Biological Source: Dried exudate from Acacia senegal and Acacia seyal. Family: … Read more

Natural Allergens identification helps in allergy prevention, diagnosis, and development of safe therapeutic approaches. Natural allergens are plant-derived substances that trigger allergic reactions in sensitive individuals. These reactions may include rhinitis, asthma, skin rashes, and anaphylaxis. Common Plant-Derived Allergens: Allergen Source Effects Pollen Allergens Trees (Birch, Oak, Pine), Grasses (Timothy grass, Ryegrass), Weeds (Ragweed) Hay … Read more

Teratogens are substances that cause birth defects (congenital anomalies) during fetal development. Many natural, plant-derived compounds have been found to exhibit teratogenic effects. Teratogens identification helps prevent congenital disorders and ensures safe drug use during pregnancy. The following section details common teratogenic agents, their sources, and the effects they cause. Common Teratogenic Plant Compounds: Teratogenic … Read more

Hallucinogens are psychoactive substances that alter perception, mood, and cognition. Many of these compounds are derived from plants. Below is a detailed overview of common hallucinogenic plants, including their biological sources, chemical constituents, and uses. Hallucinogens are psychoactive substances that alter perception, mood, and cognition. Many hallucinogens are of plant origin. Common Hallucinogenic Plants: Plant … Read more

Resins & its Identification Tests confirm natural origin using solubility, color reactions, and chemical analysis. Resins & its Identification Tests ensure purity, authenticity, and quality for safe pharmaceutical applications. Definition Resins are solid or semi-solid substances derived from plant exudates, insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. Examples Benzoin resin Colophony (Pine resin) Asafoetida … Read more

Growth Conditions in plant tissue culture involve light, temperature, humidity, and sterile environment control. Growth Conditions in plant tissue culture ensure optimal cell division, differentiation, and healthy plantlet development. Sterile Environment All culture media, instruments, and vessels must be sterilized (commonly by autoclaving at 121°C, 15 psi, 15–20 min). Explants surface-sterilized (e.g., with sodium hypochlorite … Read more

Nutritional Requirements for Plant Tissue Culture ensure growth with essential minerals, vitamins & carbon source. Nutritional Requirements for Plant Tissue Culture need auxins & cytokinins for cell division, differentiation & morphogenesis. Plant tissue culture media must contain essential nutrients for cell growth, differentiation, and organogenesis. Macronutrients (Major Nutrients, Required in Large Quantities) Nitrogen (N) – … Read more