Antidiabetic agents are medications used to manage blood glucose levels in individuals with diabetes mellitus. These agents work through various mechanisms to enhance insulin action, increase insulin secretion, reduce hepatic glucose production, or decrease glucose absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. Proper classification of antidiabetic agents is essential for selecting appropriate therapy based on the patient’s … Read more

Preparation of Insulin Preparation of insulin involves extraction or recombinant DNA technology to produce purified hormone for diabetes treatment. Formation of Preproinsulin: Insulin synthesis begins with preproinsulin (110 amino acids), synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Conversion to Proinsulin: Preproinsulin is processed in the Golgi apparatus to form proinsulin, an inactive precursor. Folding and Bond … Read more

Insulin is a hormone that regulates blood sugar by enabling glucose uptake into cells, used in diabetes management. Introduction: It is a peptide hormone produced by beta cells in the pancreas. It regulates blood glucose levels by facilitating glucose uptake into cells (liver, fat, and muscle tissues) and aids in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, … Read more

L-Thyronine is a synthetic form of the thyroid hormone T3 used to treat hypothyroidism and support healthy metabolism. Structure of L-Thyronine L-Thyronine, also known as triiodothyronine (T3), is a thyroid hormone with a tyrosine backbone and three iodine atoms. Chemical Formula: C₁₇H₁₅I₃NO₄ Mode of Action Thyroid Hormone Replacement: Acts similarly to endogenous T3, binding to … Read more

Also known as Diabetes, diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by chronically high blood sugar levels. In this condition, the body cannot effectively regulate blood sugar levels. Symptoms Excessive urination Glucose present in urine Increased thirst Increased appetite Feeling weak and tired Causes Defects in insulin formation, secretion, or action Obesity and … Read more

Methimazole is an antithyroid drug used to manage hyperthyroidism by inhibiting thyroid hormone production. Structure of Methimazole Methimazole is an antithyroid drug with a thiourea structure, featuring a methyl group attached to the nitrogen of the thiourea moiety. Chemical Formula: C₄H₈N₂S Mode of Action Thyroid Hormone Synthesis Inhibition: Similar to propylthiouracil, methimazole inhibits thyroid peroxidase, … Read more

Propylthiouracil is an antithyroid drug used to treat hyperthyroidism by blocking thyroid hormone synthesis. Structure of Propylthiouracil Propylthiouracil is an antithyroid drug with a thiouracil structure, featuring a propyl side chain attached to the uracil ring. Chemical Formula: C₅H₉N₃O₂S Mode of Action Thyroid Hormone Synthesis Inhibition: Blocks the enzyme thyroid peroxidase, preventing the iodination of … Read more

L-Thyroxine is a synthetic thyroid hormone used to treat hypothyroidism by restoring normal metabolism and energy levels. Structure of L-Thyroxine It is also known as levothyroxine, is a synthetic form of the thyroid hormone thyroxine (T4) with a tyrosine backbone and four iodine atoms. Chemical Formula: C₁₈H₁₉I₄NO₄ Mode of Action Thyroid Hormone Replacement: Mimics endogenous … Read more

Thyroid hormones and the thyroid gland regulate metabolism, growth, and energy balance, playing a vital role in overall body function. The thyroid gland, a butterfly-shaped organ located in the front of the neck, plays a crucial role in the body’s endocrine system. It produces thyroid hormones, primarily thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which are essential … Read more