Principles of Double Cone Blender: The double cone blender operates on the principle of tumbling action. It achieves mixing by rotating a conical vessel, causing the contents to continuously fall and disperse, promoting thorough intermixing of the particles. Construction of Double Cone Blender: Vessel: Comprises two conical sections joined at their bases. Drive System: Typically … Read more

Semisolid mixing combines aspects of both solid and liquid mixing due to the intermediate nature of semisolids (e.g., creams, pastes, gels): Convective Mixing: Similar to solid mixing, involving bulk movement but adapted to the higher viscosity of semisolids. Shear Mixing: Applying shear forces using equipment like planetary mixers, sigma blade mixers, or kneaders. This is … Read more

Liquid mixing mechanisms include: Bulk Flow: Inducing large-scale fluid motion through the use of agitators or impellers, creating a circulatory flow pattern within the mixing vessel. Turbulent Mixing: Creating turbulence through high-speed impellers or baffles. Turbulence promotes mixing by causing chaotic and irregular fluid motion. Laminar Mixing: In low-viscosity liquids or at lower mixing speeds, … Read more

Solid mixing involves the following mechanisms: Convective Mixing: Bulk movement of particles through mechanical means such as blenders, mixers, or tumblers. Large masses of material are moved from one location to another, promoting mixing. Diffusive Mixing: Random movement of individual particles within the bulk. This is akin to the concept of diffusion but at a … Read more

Differences between solid and liquid mixing lie in flow behavior: solids mix via particle movement, while liquids blend through fluid dynamics, diffusion, and shear forces. Let’s discuss it in detail below: Solid Mixing: Nature of Materials: Involves particles or powders with varying sizes, shapes, and densities. Mechanism: Primarily achieved through physical movement and collision of … Read more

Principles of Vacuum Dryer A vacuum dryer operates on the principle of reducing the pressure around the material to be dried, which lowers the boiling point of water and other solvents. This allows drying at lower temperatures, which is advantageous for heat-sensitive materials. Construction of Vacuum Dryer Vacuum Chamber: An airtight chamber capable of withstanding … Read more

Principles of Fluidized Bed Dryer  The fluidized bed dryer operates on the principle of fluidization, where hot air is passed through a perforated bed of wet solids, causing the solids to behave like a fluid. This enhances the contact between the hot air and the material, leading to efficient drying. Construction of Fluidized Bed Dryer … Read more

Principles of Super Centrifuge The super centrifuge, also known as an ultracentrifuge, operates on the principle of generating extremely high centrifugal forces to separate particles based on very small differences in density. These centrifuges can achieve speeds much higher than conventional centrifuges, enabling the separation of sub-micron particles and molecules. Construction of Super Centrifuge Rotor/Bowl: … Read more

Principles of Semi-Continuous Centrifuge The semi-continuous centrifuge operates on the principle of centrifugal force to separate components of a slurry based on density differences. Unlike batch centrifuges, semi-continuous centrifuges allow for periodic discharge of solids without stopping the entire process, providing a balance between continuous and batch processing. Construction of Semi-Continuous Centrifuge Rotor/Basket: Typically, a … Read more