Tadalafil is a PDE5 inhibitor used to treat erectile dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension by improving blood flow. Structure of Tadalafil It is a PDE5 inhibitor with a similar core structure to sildenafil but with distinct substituents enhancing its pharmacokinetic profile. Chemical Formula: C₂₂H₂₉N₃O₄ Mode of Action PDE5 Inhibition: Tadalafil selectively inhibits PDE5, preventing the breakdown … Read more
Sildenafil treats erectile dysfunction by increasing blood flow to the penis through PDE5 inhibition. Structure of Sildenafil Sildenafil is a phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor with a complex heterocyclic structure, including a pyrazolopyrimidinone core. Chemical Formula: C₂₁H₁₁N₄O₃S Mode of Action PDE5 Inhibition: Sildenafil selectively inhibits PDE5, an enzyme responsible for the degradation of cyclic guanosine … Read more
Definition of Erectile Dysfunction Erectile Dysfunction is the inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual performance. Causes of Erectile Dysfunction Physical Factors: Cardiovascular Diseases: Poor blood flow to the penis. Diabetes: Nerve and blood vessel damage. Hormonal Imbalances: Low testosterone. Neurological Disorders: Parkinson’s, multiple sclerosis. Medications: Certain blood pressure drugs, antidepressants. … Read more
Diethyl Stilbestrol is a synthetic estrogen formerly used in pregnancy and certain cancers. Structure of Diethyl Stilbestrol Diethyl stilbestrol (DES) is a synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen with a stilbene backbone, featuring two phenyl groups connected by a double bond and ethyl substituents. Chemical Formula: C₁₆H₂₀O₂ Mode of Action Estrogen Receptor Activation: Binds to estrogen receptors, mimicking … Read more
Oestrone is a natural estrogen important for female reproductive health and postmenopausal hormone balance. Structure of Oestrone Oestrone is one of the three primary endogenous estrogens, characterized by a cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene structure with a ketone group at the 17 position and a hydroxyl group at the 3 position. Chemical Formula: C₁₈H₂₄O₂ Mode of Action Estrogen Receptor … Read more
Oestradiol is a potent estrogen that regulates menstrual cycles, fertility, and secondary sexual traits. Structure of Oestradiol Oestradiol is the most potent endogenous estrogen, featuring a cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene structure with two hydroxyl groups at the 3 and 17 positions. Chemical Formula: C₁₈H₂₄O₂ Mode of Action Estrogen Receptor Activation: Binds to estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ), regulating … Read more
Oestriol is a natural estrogen hormone involved in pregnancy and female reproductive health. Structure of Oestriol Oestriol is one of the three major endogenous estrogens, characterized by a cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene structure with three hydroxyl groups. Chemical Formula: C₁₈H₂₄O₃ Mode of Action Estrogen Receptor Activation: Binds to estrogen receptors, regulating gene transcription involved in reproductive and non-reproductive … Read more
Quantitative microscopy of Crude Drugs involves the precise measurement and analysis of microscopic features in crude drugs (herbal medicines) to ensure authenticity, purity, and quality. This method provides numerical data for standardization and comparison, making it an essential tool in herbal drug evaluation. The main techniques in Quantitative microscopy of Crude Drugs include: Lycopodium Spore … Read more
Definition Assessing pharmacological activity or toxicological profile using bioassays (in vitro or in vivo). Examples Cardiotonic Activity Tests: e.g., Digitalis leaf assay on isolated frog heart. Antimicrobial Tests: Agar diffusion or dilution methods for detecting antibacterial or antifungal properties. Toxicity Tests: Acute, subacute, or chronic toxicity studies in animals. Significance Reflects the true therapeutic or … Read more
Definition of Physical Evaluation of Drugs Measurement of physical parameters and constants that help gauge purity and identity. Common Physical Tests Foreign Matter Content: Visual or sieve-based inspection. Moisture Content / Loss on Drying: Prevents microbial growth, ensures stability. Ash Values Total Ash: Inorganic residue after incineration. Acid-Insoluble Ash: Detects silica and dirt. Water-Soluble Ash. … Read more
