Homeostasis is the process by which living organisms maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in the external surroundings. Think of it like a thermostat in your home that keeps the temperature just right—neither too hot nor too cold. Components of Homeostasis To maintain homeostasis, three main components are involved: Receptor (Sensor): This detects changes … Read more
Pregnancy is the period during which a fertilized egg (zygote) develops into a fetus inside the uterus of a female. It usually lasts around 40 weeks, or about 9 months, from the first day of the last menstrual period (LMP) and is divided into three trimesters. Signs and symptoms of pregnancy Early Signs and Symptoms … Read more
Oogenesis is the process by which female germ cells, called oocytes, develop into mature eggs (ova) in the ovaries. It involves a series of cell divisions and developmental stages that result in the production of a single mature ovum from a primordial germ cell. Stages of Oogenesis Oogenesis can be divided into the following stages: … Read more
Spermatogenesis is a complex, highly organized process of sperm cell (spermatozoon) production in males. It occurs within the seminiferous tubules of the testes, the male reproductive organs responsible for sperm and testosterone production. This process is critical for sexual reproduction and involves several stages, each marked by specific cellular transformations under the influence of various … Read more
Menstruation is the cyclic shedding of the uterine lining (endometrium) in response to hormonal fluctuations that occur during a woman’s menstrual cycle. The cycle is typically divided into four phases: 1. Menstrual Phase (Days 1-5): The menstrual phase marks the beginning of the cycle. Hormonal changes: Decreasing levels of estrogen and progesterone from the previous … Read more
Sex hormone are hormones that are responsible for the development and regulation of sexual characteristics and functions. They include Estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone, which are produced by the ovaries and testes respectively, as well as other hormones such as luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) that regulate their production. Male sex hormones Male sex … Read more
Principle of Steam Distillation: It is used to distil heat-sensitive components by passing steam through the mixture, causing volatile components to co-distil with water at temperatures lower than their boiling points. Methodology of Steam Distillation: Setup: Includes a steam generator, distillation flask, condenser, and collection vessel. Steam Introduction: Steam is introduced into the mixture, lowering … Read more
Principle of Fractional Distillation: Fractional distillation separates components of a mixture with close boiling points by using a fractionating column to achieve repeated condensation and vaporization cycles. Methodology of Fractional Distillation: Setup: Similar to simple distillation but includes a fractionating column between the distillation flask and the condenser. Heating: The mixture is heated, and vapours … Read more
Principle of Molecular Distillation: Molecular distillation is a type of vacuum distillation performed at extremely low pressures, allowing the distillation of high molecular weight, thermally unstable compounds. It involves a short path between the evaporator and the condenser. Methodology of Molecular Distillation: Setup: Includes a high vacuum system, short-path distillation apparatus, and a cold trap. … Read more
Principle of Vacuum Distillation: Distillation under reduced pressure (vacuum distillation) lowers the boiling points of the components in the mixture by reducing the ambient pressure, allowing distillation to occur at lower temperatures. Methodology of Vacuum Distillation: Setup: Similar to simple or fractional distillation but includes a vacuum pump to reduce the pressure in the apparatus. … Read more
