Anti-Rheumatic Drugs: Include NSAIDs, corticosteroids, DMARDs, and biologics for inflammation control. Anti-Rheumatic Drugs: Used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and slow disease progression. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory, autoimmune disorder affecting joints and sometimes extra-articular sites. Disease-Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs (DMARDs): Slow disease progression, reduce joint destruction and disability. Classification of Anti-Rheumatic Drug  1. Non-Steroidal … Read more

Aspirin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used for pain, fever, and inflammation. Aspirin: Also prevents blood clots by inhibiting platelet aggregation. MOA: Irreversibly inhibits COX-1 and COX-2, blocking prostaglandin and thromboxane A2 synthesis, reducing pain, inflammation, fever, and platelet aggregation. Pharmacological Actions: Anti-inflammatory Analgesic (pain relief) Antipyretic (fever reduction) Antiplatelet (prevents clotting) Pharmacokinetics: Absorption: Rapid … Read more

Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents (NSAIDs) are a class of medications widely used for their analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory properties. Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents (NSAIDs) inhibit COX enzymes to block prostaglandin synthesis. They are termed “non-steroidal” to distinguish them from corticosteroids, which are another major class of anti-inflammatory drugs. Therapeutic Effects: Analgesic Antipyretic Anti-inflammatory Mechanism of Action NSAIDs … Read more

Substance P is an undecapeptide belonging to the tachykinin neuropeptide family. It functions as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator. Substance P: Acts on NK1 receptors in CNS and peripheral tissues. Synthesis: Neurons: Primarily synthesized in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Release: Released from sensory nerve endings in response to pain and inflammation. Functions of Substance … Read more

Bradykinin is a nonapeptide that functions as a potent vasodilator and mediator of inflammation. It is part of the kallikrein-kinin system. Bradykinin Plays a key role in inflammation and blood pressure regulation. Synthesis: Prekallikrein Activation: Kallikrein converts high-molecular-weight kininogen to bradykinins. Regulation: Degraded by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), which is why ACE inhibitors increase bradykinins levels. Functions … Read more

Angiotensin refers to a family of peptides that play a critical role in regulating blood pressure, fluid balance, and electrolyte homeostasis. The most important member is Angiotensin II (Ang II). Synthesis and Activation: Renin Release: Produced by the kidneys in response to low blood pressure or low sodium levels. Angiotensinogen Conversion: Renin converts angiotensinogen (produced … Read more

Leukotrienes are eicosanoids derived from arachidonic acid via the lipoxygenase (LOX) pathway. Leukotrienes are primarily involved in immune and inflammatory responses. These three groups are collectively called eicosanoids, derived from arachidonic acid via the cyclooxygenase (COX) or lipoxygenase pathways. Major Leukotrienes: LTB4 (Leukotriene B4): Functions: Acts as a potent chemotactic agent, attracting neutrophils to sites … Read more

Thromboxanes are eicosanoids derived from arachidonic acid via the COX pathway, specifically from PGH2. Thromboxanes play significant roles in hemostasis and vascular function. These three groups are collectively called eicosanoids, derived from arachidonic acid via the cyclooxygenase (COX) or lipoxygenase pathways. Major Thromboxanes: TXA2 (Thromboxane A2): Functions: Promotes platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction, essential for blood … Read more

Prostaglandins act as autacoids, having diverse roles in inflammation, vascular function, and other processes. These three groups are collectively called eicosanoids, derived from arachidonic acid via the cyclooxygenase (COX) or lipoxygenase pathways. Prostaglandins are a group of physiologically active lipid compounds derived from arachidonic acid via the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway. Synthesis: Arachidonic Acid Release: Phospholipase … Read more