Serotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter derived from the amino acid tryptophan. 5-HT (5-Hydroxytryptamine) (Serotonin) influences a wide range of physiological and behavioral processes. Synthesis: From the amino acid tryptophan by tryptophan hydroxylase and subsequent decarboxylation. Storage: High concentration in enterochromaffin cells in the gut, platelets, and in the CNS as a neurotransmitter. … Read more
Introduction to Hemodynamics and Electrophysiology of the Heart: Covers blood flow and cardiac electrical activity. Introduction to Hemodynamics and Electrophysiology of the Heart: Key to understanding cardiac output and rhythm regulation. Hemodynamics Definition Hemodynamics refers to the dynamics of blood flow, including how the heart pumps blood, how blood pressure is generated and regulated, and … Read more
Lisinopril is an ACE inhibitor used to treat hypertension and heart failure by relaxing blood vessels and lowering blood pressure. Structure of Lisinopril It is a long-acting, non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative ACE inhibitor with a lysine moiety. Chemical Formula: C₁₉H₃₂N₂O₅ Mode of Action ACE Inhibition: Similar to other ACE inhibitors, lisinopril blocks the conversion of … Read more
Amiloride is a potassium-sparing diuretic used in hypertension and edema by inhibiting sodium reabsorption and conserving potassium in the kidneys. Structure of Amiloride Amiloride is a non-steroidal potassium-sparing diuretic with a benzothiadiazine core fused to a pyridine ring, containing amine groups. Chemical Formula: C₄H₇N₄O₃S₂ Mode of Action ENaC Inhibition: Blocks epithelial sodium channels (ENaC) in … Read more
Captopril is an ACE inhibitor used to treat hypertension and heart failure by blocking angiotensin-converting enzyme and lowering blood pressure. Structure of Captopril Captopril is the first synthetic ACE inhibitor, featuring a sulfhydryl (-SH) group attached to a proline moiety. Chemical Formula: C₉H₁₇NO₃S Mode of Action ACE Inhibition: Blocks the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), preventing the … Read more
Anti-Hypertensive Agents are drugs used to lower high blood pressure and reduce the risk of heart attack, stroke, and kidney disease. Anti-hypertensive agents are drugs used to manage high blood pressure (hypertension). They work through various mechanisms to lower blood pressure and reduce the risk of complications like heart attack, stroke, and kidney failure. Classification … Read more
Hypertension commonly known as high blood pressure, is a chronic medical condition where the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated. It increases the risk of heart disease, stroke, and other serious health issues. Blood Pressure Classification Category Systolic (mmHg) Diastolic (mmHg) Normal < 120 < 80 Pre-Hypertension 120 – 139 80 – 89 … Read more
Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic used to reduce intracranial and intraocular pressure by drawing fluid out through the kidneys. Structure of Mannitol Mannitol is a sugar alcohol with six hydroxyl groups, making it highly hydrophilic and osmotic. Chemical Formula: C₆H₁₄O₆ Mode of Action Osmotic Gradient Creation: Mannitol remains in the extracellular space, creating an osmotic … Read more
Timolol is a non-selective beta-blocker used to treat hypertension, angina, and glaucoma by reducing heart rate and intraocular pressure. Structure of Timolol Timolol is a non-selective beta-adrenergic receptor blocker featuring a diphenylmethanol structure with a secondary amine. Chemical Formula: C₁₅H₂₂N₂O₃ Mode of Action Beta-Blockade: Inhibits both β₁ and β₂ adrenergic receptors. Cardiac Effects: Reduces heart … Read more
Classification of Histamine: Based on receptor types—H1, H2, H3, and H4 Classification of Histamine: Involved in allergy, gastric acid, CNS, and immunity. Histamine is a biogenic amine derived from the decarboxylation of the amino acid histidine. It plays pivotal roles in immune responses, gastric acid secretion, and as a neurotransmitter. Synthesis: From the amino acid … Read more
