Hydroflumethiazide is a thiazide diuretic used to treat high blood pressure and edema by promoting renal excretion of sodium and water. Structure of Hydroflumethiazide Hydroflumethiazide is a thiazide diuretic with a fluorine atom substitution, enhancing its potency and duration of action. Chemical Formula: C₈H₈ClF₅N₃O₄S₂ Mode of Action Thiazide Receptor Blocking: Inhibits the sodium-chloride symporter in … Read more
Hydrochlorothiazide is a thiazide diuretic used to manage hypertension and edema by increasing sodium and water excretion. Structure of Hydrochlorothiazide Hydrochlorothiazide is a thiazide diuretic similar to chlorthiazide but with a hydrochloride salt form to enhance solubility. Chemical Formula: C₇H₇ClN₃O₄S₂·HCl Mode of Action Thiazide Receptor Blocking: Inhibits the sodium-chloride symporter in the distal convoluted tubule. … Read more
Chlorthiazide is a thiazide diuretic used to treat hypertension and edema by promoting sodium and water excretion through the kidneys. Structure of Chlorthiazide Chlorthiazide is a sulfonamide derivative belonging to the thiazide diuretic class, characterized by a benzothiadiazine structure with chlorine substituents. Chemical Formula: C₇H₇ClN₃O₄S₂ Mode of Action Thiazide Receptor Blocking: Inhibits the sodium-chloride symporter … Read more
Dichlorphenamide is a diuretic used to treat glaucoma and periodic paralysis by inhibiting carbonic anhydrase and reducing fluid buildup. Structure of Dichlorphenamide Dichlorphenamide is a sulfonamide derivative with two chlorine atoms attached to the benzene ring and a central sulfonamide group. Chemical Formula: C₆H₇Cl₂N₃O₃S₂ Mode of Action Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibition: Blocks carbonic anhydrase activity, reducing … Read more
Definition of Anti-Platelet Drugs Anti-Platelet Drugs agents inhibit platelet aggregation and activation, thereby preventing thrombus formation. Classes of Anti-Platelet Agents Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic Acid): Mechanism: Irreversibly inhibits cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), reducing thromboxane A2 synthesis, which decreases platelet aggregation. Use: Prevention of AMI, stroke, and in peripheral arterial disease. Side Effects: Gastrointestinal ulcers, bleeding, Reye’s syndrome in children. … Read more
Definition of Fibrinolytics: Fibrinolytics, also known as thrombolytics, are agents that dissolve blood clots by activating the fibrinolytic system. Mechanism of Action Activation of Plasminogen: Fibrinolytics convert plasminogen to plasmin, an enzyme that degrades fibrin clots. Cleavage of Fibrin: Plasmin breaks down fibrin into soluble degradation products, dissolving the clot. Common Fibrinolytic Agents Alteplase (tPA): … Read more
Definition of Anticoagulants: Anticoagulants inhibit various components of the coagulation cascade to prevent thrombus formation, used in conditions at risk for thrombosis. Heparin and Low Molecular Weight Heparins (LMWHs) Examples: Enoxaparin Mechanism: Heparin activates antithrombin III, which inactivates thrombin and factor Xa; LMWHs have more selective inhibition of factor Xa. Use: Deep vein thrombosis (DVT), … Read more
Definition of Coagulants: Coagulants are agents that promote clotting, used in conditions where there is a deficiency or dysfunction in the clotting cascade. Vitamin K: Mechanism: Essential for γ-carboxylation of certain glutamate residues in clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X, as well as proteins C and S. Use: Vitamin K deficiency, warfarin reversal, hemorrhagic … Read more
Definition of Blood Clotting (Coagulation): Blood clotting, or coagulation, is a complex physiological process that prevents excessive bleeding (hemostasis) when a blood vessel is injured. It involves platelets, clotting factors, and the coagulation cascade to form a stable fibrin clot. Phases of Blood Clotting Vascular Spasm (Vasoconstriction): Immediate narrowing of the blood vessel to reduce … Read more
Methazolamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used to reduce intraocular pressure in glaucoma by decreasing aqueous humor production. Structure of Methazolamide It is a thiazide-like carbonic anhydrase inhibitor with a central sulfonamide group attached to a benzene ring and a thiazole moiety. Chemical Formula: C₅H₇N₃O₃S₂ Mode of Action Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibition: Similar to acetazolamide, methazolamide … Read more
