Definition of Suspensions A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture in which finely divided solid particles are dispersed in a liquid medium. The particles in a suspension are larger than those in a solution and do not dissolve in the liquid. Over time, these solid particles settle out due to gravity, making suspensions distinct from solutions … Read more
Introduction to Biphasic Liquids: Biphasic liquids are systems consisting of two immiscible (non-mixing) liquid phases. These systems are commonly used in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and chemical industries. They are typically created when two liquids with different polarities, such as oil and water, are combined. Due to differences in polarity, these liquids do not mix and … Read more
1. Percentage Solutions: These are solutions where the concentration of a solute in a solution is expressed as a percentage. In pharmacy, this typically refers to: Weight/Volume (w/v) Weight/Weight (w/w) Volume/Volume (v/v) percentages. 2. Weight/Volume Percentage (w/v): Used for: Solid substances dissolved in a liquid. Definition: Expressed as grams of solute per 100 mL of … Read more
Lotions are liquid or semi-liquid preparations designed for topical application to the skin for various purposes, such as moisturizing, soothing, or medicating skin conditions. Preparation of lotions: Step-by-Step Preparation: Prepare Aqueous Phase: Heat water and dissolve any water-soluble ingredients (e.g., calamine or hydrocortisone) in the aqueous phase. Prepare Oil Phase: Heat the oil-based ingredients (e.g., … Read more
Liniments are liquid or semi-liquid preparations designed for topical application to the skin to relieve pain, inflammation, or muscle stiffness. They usually have a high concentration of active ingredients and are often applied with a massaging action to enhance absorption. Preparation of liniments: Step-by-Step Preparation: Select Base: Use oil (e.g., olive oil) or alcohol as … Read more
Elixirs are sweet, flavoured liquid preparations containing alcohol and used as a vehicle for administering oral medications. They are similar to syrups but have a lower viscosity and a higher alcohol content. Preparation of elixirs: Step-by-Step Preparation: Prepare Alcohol Base: Mix water and ethanol to form the hydroalcoholic solution. Dissolve Active Ingredients: Add the active … Read more
Syrups are thick, sweet liquid preparations used as a vehicle for oral medications, particularly for those who have difficulty swallowing tablets or capsules. They often contain a high concentration of sugar or sugar substitutes. Preparation of syrups: Step-by-Step Preparation: Prepare Sugar Solution: Dissolve sugar (sucrose or glucose) in water to form a concentrated syrup base … Read more
Enemas are liquid solutions that are introduced into the rectum to promote bowel movements, relieve constipation, or cleanse the colon. They can also be used to administer medications. Preparation of enemas: Step-by-Step Preparation: Prepare Solvent: Choose water or saline as the base for the enema solution. Add Active Ingredients: Dissolve or suspend the active agents … Read more
Nasal Drops are liquid medications used to treat nasal congestion, allergies, or infections. They are administered directly into the nostrils. Preparation of nasal drops: Step-by-Step Preparation: Prepare Solvent: Use sterile distilled water or saline solution as the base. Dissolve Active Ingredients: Add decongestants (e.g., oxymetazoline), antibiotics, or corticosteroids to the solvent. Adjust pH and Tonicity: … Read more
Eardrops are liquid medications formulated to treat various ear conditions, such as infections, inflammation, or earwax buildup. They are applied directly into the ear canal. Preparation of eardrops: Step-by-Step Preparation: Choose Solvent: Select a suitable solvent like glycerin, olive oil, or distilled water. Add Active Ingredients: Dissolve or suspend the required medication (e.g., antibiotics or … Read more