A pharmacopoeia is an authoritative collection of standards and guidelines for the quality, purity, and strength of drugs, excipients, and dosage forms. It outlines the composition, preparation, storage, and labelling requirements of pharmaceutical products, serving as a reference for healthcare professionals. History of Pharmacopoeia 1) Early Compilations: Early examples include “De Materia Medica” by Dioscorides … Read more
The Joint movements allowed by synovial joints can be classified into several categories: Gliding, Angular, Rotational & Special Movements 1) Gliding Movements Simple sliding motion between flat bone surfaces. Example: Intercarpal joints in the wrist. 2) Angular Joint Movements Types: Flexion: Decreasing the angle between two bones. Example: Bending the elbow. Extension: Increasing the angle between … Read more
Functional classification of joints is based on the degree of movement allowed by the joint. There are three primary functional classification of joints: 1) Synarthrosis (Immovable Joints) These joints allow little or no movement. Example: Sutures of the skull. 2) Amphiarthrosis (Slightly Movable Joints) These joints permit limited movement. Example: The pubic symphysis and intervertebral … Read more
The structural classification of joints is based on the material that binds the bones together and whether or not a joint cavity is present. There are three primary structural classification of joints: 1) Fibrous Joints These joints are connected by dense connective tissue, primarily composed of collagen. They do not have a joint cavity. Types: … Read more
A neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is the synapse or connection between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. It is a specialized structure that enables the transmission of electrical signals from the nervous system to the muscle, resulting in muscle contraction. Components of the Neuromuscular Junction 1) Presynaptic Terminal Location: The axon terminal of the motor … Read more
Muscle contraction is a complex process that involves the interaction of myofilaments (actin and myosin) within muscle fibers, leading to muscle shortening and force generation. The process can be broken down into four key steps: neuromuscular transmission, excitation-contraction coupling, cross-bridge cycling, and muscle relaxation. Neuromuscular Transmission Action Potential Initiation: Muscle contraction begins with an action … Read more
Skeletal muscle is a type of striated muscle tissue responsible for voluntary body movements. It is composed of long, multinucleated cells called muscle fibers. The structure of skeletal muscle can be understood at various levels: Whole Muscle: A skeletal muscle is an organ made up of muscle tissue, connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerves. The … Read more
The skeletal system, composed of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons, plays several crucial roles in the human body. Some of the primary functions of skeletal system are: 1. Support: The skeleton provides a structural framework that supports the body’s shape and maintains proper body alignment. It offers attachment points for muscles, ligaments, and tendons, allowing … Read more
Bones are rigid organs that form part of the endoskeleton of vertebrates. They function to move, support, and protect the various organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells, and store minerals. Bone tissue is a type of dense connective tissue. Bones come in a variety of shapes and sizes and have a … Read more
Functions of the Skin are listed below: 1. Protection as Functions of the Skin: Acts as a physical barrier against mechanical injuries, harmful chemicals, and pathogens. The acidic pH of the skin surface inhibits bacterial growth. Melanin in the epidermis protects against UV radiation. 2. Sensation as Functions of the Skin: Nerve endings in the … Read more
