Blood grouping is the classifications of blood based on the presence or absence of inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs). These antigens may be proteins, carbohydrates, glycoproteins, or glycolipids, depending on the blood group system. The two most important blood group systems are the ABO system and the Rh system. … Read more
Blood clotting, also known as coagulation, is a crucial process that prevents excessive bleeding when a blood vessel is injured. Here’s a detailed overview of how it works: Vascular Spasm Immediately after a blood vessel is injured, its walls constrict to reduce blood flow. This initial response is known as a vascular spasm. Platelet Plug … Read more
Anemia is a medical condition characterized by a decrease in the number of red blood cells (RBCs) or a reduction in hemoglobin levels within RBCs. Hemoglobin is an iron-containing protein that binds to oxygen, enabling RBCs to transport oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. When anemia occurs, the body’s tissues and … Read more
Formation of Hemoglobin is a complex, iron-containing protein in red blood cells (RBCs) that binds and transports oxygen from the lungs to tissues throughout the body. Hemoglobin consists of four protein subunits, each containing a heme group with an iron atom at its center. Steps in Hemoglobin Formation Synthesis of Globin Chains Hemoglobin in adults … Read more
Hemopoiesis (Haematopoiesis) is the process by which blood cells are produced in the body, primarily occurring in the bone marrow. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) differentiate into various blood cell types, including erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and thrombocytes (platelets). Erythropoiesis Production of erythrocytes (red blood cells) responsible for oxygen transport. Process: Begins … Read more
Blood: Composition and Functions- Blood is a specialized connective tissue consisting of cells suspended in a liquid matrix called plasma. Blood is composed of various cellular components, including red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes), suspended in plasma. The red blood cells are responsible for oxygen transport, while white blood cells … Read more
The functions of lymphatic system include several essential roles in maintaining overall health and homeostasis in the body. The main functions include: Fluid Balance- One of the functions of Lymphatic System The lymphatic system helps maintain fluid balance by collecting excess interstitial fluid from tissues and returning it to the bloodstream. This prevents fluid accumulation … Read more
Lymph circulation is the process by which lymph, a clear fluid containing excess interstitial fluid, waste products, and immune cells, is transported through the lymphatic system and returned to the bloodstream. The circulation of lymph is essential for maintaining fluid balance, immune function, and the removal of waste products from tissues. Here is a flowchart … Read more
Lymphatic vessels are crucial components of the lymphatic system, forming a network of thin-walled, branching tubes that transport lymph—a clear fluid containing excess interstitial fluid, proteins, waste, and immune cells. They maintain fluid balance by returning excess fluid from tissues to the bloodstream. Categories of Lymphatic Vessels Lymphatic Capillaries Smallest lymphatic vessel, composed of a … Read more
Lymphatic Organs and Tissues: Vital for the immune system, providing environments for immune cells to develop, mature, and interact with antigens. Lymphatic Organs and Tissues are classified into primary lymphoid organs (where lymphocytes are generated and mature) and secondary lymphoid organs (where immune responses are initiated). Primary Lymphoid Organs and Tissues Bone Marrow Soft tissue … Read more
