The lymphatic system is a crucial part of the circulatory and immune systems. It is a network of vessels, tissues, and organs that help maintain fluid balance, remove waste products, and defend the body against infections and diseases. Main Components of the Lymphatic System Lymphatic Vessels A network of thin-walled vessels that transport lymph, a … Read more
Reticuloendothelial System (RES) also known as the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS), the RES is a network of cells and tissues crucial for immune defense, homeostasis, and waste clearance. Composed primarily of phagocytic cells specialized in engulfing and digesting foreign particles, pathogens, and cellular debris. Main Cell Types Monocytes Large white blood cells from the bone … Read more
There are numerous blood disorders that can affect the various components of blood, including red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma. Common Blood Disorders Anemia Decrease in red blood cells or hemoglobin, leading to reduced oxygen transport. Types include iron-deficiency, vitamin B12 deficiency, hemolytic, and sickle cell anemia. Hemophilia Inherited bleeding disorders caused … Read more
A blood transfusion is a medical procedure where blood or its components are transferred from a donor to a recipient’s circulatory system. This is crucial in treating various conditions, such as blood loss, anemia, clotting disorders, and diseases affecting blood cell production. Types of Blood Transfusions Whole Blood Transfusion Transfers all blood components but is … Read more
The Rh blood grouping system, also known as the Rhesus blood group system, is the second most significant blood group system after the ABO system and determines the Rh factor. It was first discovered in 1940 by Karl Landsteiner and Alexander Wiener during experiments with the blood of rhesus monkeys, which is how the system … Read more
Body fluids are essential liquids found within the human body that play vital roles in maintaining physiological functions and overall health. These fluids are distributed throughout the body’s tissues, cells, and cavities, and each type serves specific functions. Types of Body Fluids and Their Functions Blood Blood is a vital fluid circulating within blood vessels. … Read more
The Structure of skin is the largest organ of the body and serves multiple essential functions. It is composed of three main layers, each with distinct structures and roles. Epidermis: The outermost layer of the skin, composed mainly of keratinocytes, which produce the protein keratin. Layers of the Epidermis: Stratum Corneum: The topmost layer, made … Read more
The integumentary system includes the skin, hair, nails, and glands, playing a crucial role in protection, sensation, temperature regulation, and more. Key Components of Integumentary System Skin The largest organ, with three layers: Epidermis: Outermost layer, protective barrier, contains melanocytes for skin color and UV protection. Dermis: Middle layer with connective tissue, blood vessels, nerve … Read more
Nervous tissue is a highly specialized tissue that forms the nervous system, responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities. It consists of neurons and supporting cells known as neuroglia or glial cells. Nervous tissue is essential for sensing stimuli, transmitting signals, and regulating bodily functions Structure of Nervous Tissue 1. Neurons Cell Body (Soma): … Read more
Muscle tissue is a specialized tissue found in animals which functions by contracting and thereby causing movement. This contraction is achieved through the interaction of actin and myosin filaments within muscle cells, known as muscle fibers. Muscle tissue is categorized into three types: skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle, each with distinct structures and … Read more
