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Weights and Measures are systems used to express the quantity, size, or weight of substances and objects. There are two main systems of weights and measures: the Imperial system and the Metric system. 1. Imperial system: The Imperial system, also known as the British Imperial system, originated in the United Kingdom and was widely used … Read more
Non-Compartment Models Model-Independent Approach analyze drug pharmacokinetics without assuming compartments using statistical moment theory. Non-Compartment Models (Model-Independent Approach) The non-compartmental model (NCA) is an alternative approach to pharmacokinetics that does not assume any specific compartments. Instead, it relies on statistical and mathematical methods to estimate drug parameters directly from experimental data. Key Features of Non-Compartment … Read more
Compartmental models in pharmacokinetics simplify drug distribution and elimination using one-compartment and multi-compartment approaches. Introduction Compartmental models are pharmacokinetic models that represent the body as interconnected compartments, each grouping tissues or organs with similar drug distribution and elimination properties. Drug movement is modeled using first-order rate constants, helping predict drug concentrations, optimize dosing, and support … Read more
Reaction kinetics rate rate constants and order describe how drug concentration changes over time in pharmaceutical chemistry. Basic Concepts of Reaction kinetics rate rate constants and order Rate of Reaction: Measures how fast reactants are converted into products. Influenced by temperature, concentration, catalysts, and surface area. Rate Constant (k): A constant specific to a given … Read more
Plasma drug concentration time profile shows drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination phases in pharmacokinetics. Plasma Drug Concentration-Time Profile A graph that represents the concentration of a drug in plasma over time, used to assess and analyze each ADME phase. Phases of the Profile: Absorption Phase Drug enters the bloodstream, increasing plasma concentration until it … Read more
Pharmacokinetics definition and introduction explain absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion processes governing drug fate in the body. Pharmacokinetics: Definition and Introduction Pharmacokinetics (PK) is the branch of pharmacology that deals with the quantitative study of how a drug moves into, though, and out of the body over time. It answers the question: “What does the … Read more
Emulsion Formulation by HLB Method selects surfactants based on hydrophilic-lipophilic balance for stability. It ensures proper oil-water blending in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. HLB (Hydrophilic–Lipophilic Balance) is a numerical scale (0–20) used to select appropriate emulsifying agents based on their balance between hydrophilic and lipophilic portions. HLB Scale Interpretation HLB Value Nature of Surfactant Application 1–4 … Read more
Bioequivalence Studies compare drug products to ensure similar bioavailability, therapeutic effect, and safety in patients. Bioequivalence (BE) Bioequivalence ensures that two drug formulations have similar pharmacokinetic properties, leading to the same safety and efficacy when administered under identical conditions. It is a subset of therapeutic equivalence, focusing on rate and extent of drug absorption. Types … Read more
Methods to enhance the dissolution rates and bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs include particle size reduction and solid dispersions. Methods to Enhance the Dissolution Rates and Bioavailability of Poorly Soluble Drugs Many drugs have low solubility, leading to poor bioavailability. Various techniques improve dissolution: Physicochemical Approaches Particle Size Reduction – Increasing surface area (e.g., micronization, … Read more
In vitro drug dissolution models evaluate drug release from dosage forms using methods like USP apparatus for bioavailability prediction. In-vitro drug dissolution models In-vitro drug dissolution models are essential in pharmaceutical research to study drug release from formulations like tablets and capsules. These models help predict drug dissolution, absorption, and bioavailability, ensuring consistent drug quality. … Read more
