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Methyldopa is an antihypertensive medication primarily used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension), especially during pregnancy. It is a centrally acting alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that works by stimulating receptors in the brain to reduce sympathetic nerve signals, leading to a decrease in blood vessel constriction and heart rate, thereby lowering blood pressure. Chemical Structure & … Read more
Dopamine is a chemical messenger, or neurotransmitter, produced in the brain that plays a key role in regulating mood, motivation, reward, attention, and movement. It helps transmit signals between nerve cells and is involved in both physical and emotional responses. Chemical Structure & Formula Chemical Formula: C₈H₁₁NO₂ Structure: Mechanism of Action (Detailed) Dopamine acts on … Read more
Definition of Propellants: Propellants are the driving force behind aerosol delivery. They expel the drug and disperse it as a fine mist or foam. Types of Propellants: Liquefied Gas Propellant: Examples: Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), Hydrocarbons. Characteristics: These exist in equilibrium between liquid and gas phases inside the container. Advantages: Provide constant pressure. Compressed Gas … Read more
Definition of Pharmaceutical Aerosols: Pharmaceutical Aerosols are pressurized dosage forms that deliver medication as a fine mist, spray, or foam upon activation. The medication is dispersed in a suitable medium and propelled using compressed or liquefied gas. Pharmaceutical Aerosol ensure rapid drug action, targeted delivery, and minimal systemic side effects. Key Features: Deliver the drug … Read more
Definition of Sunscreens: Sunscreens are topical formulations that protect the skin from harmful UV radiation. Formulation Goals: Protection: Provide broad-spectrum protection against UV-A and UV-B radiation. Aesthetic Acceptability: Non-greasy, non-whitening, and cosmetically elegant. Stability: Maintain efficacy upon exposure to light, heat, and over time. Skin Compatibility: Minimize irritation and allergic reactions. Types of Sunscreens: Physical … Read more
Definition of Hair Dyes Hair Dyes are formulations designed to impart color to hair, either temporarily or permanently. Formulation Goals Effective Color Change: Ability to impart lasting and even hair color. Compatibility: Minimal damage to hair fibers and scalp. Oxidative Stability: For permanent dyes, proper oxidation processes are essential. Safety: Reduced allergenic and toxic potential. … Read more
Definition of Toothpastes: Toothpastes are complex formulations designed to clean and polish teeth, protect against cavities, and freshen breath. The primary mechanisms include mild abrasive action, chemical plaque removal, and beneficial active ingredients like fluoride. Formulation Goals: Cleaning: Mechanical removal of plaque and food debris. Mild Abrasivity: Effective yet gentle on tooth enamel. Foaming: Aid … Read more
Definition of Vanishing Cream: Vanishing cream are oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions that leave a non-greasy, matte finish on the skin. The name “vanishing cream” comes from their fast absorption and the absence of a shiny residue. Key Ingredients: Fatty Acids: Provide a smooth texture (e.g., stearic acid). Water: Continuous phase. Emulsifiers: Ensure stability (e.g., triethanolamine). Preservatives … Read more
Definition of Cold Cream: Cold Cream are water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions, traditionally used for cleansing and moisturizing the skin. They provide a cooling sensation upon application due to the evaporation of water from the skin surface. Key Ingredients: Oils and Fats: Provide emolliency (e.g., mineral oil, beeswax). Water: Hydrating phase. Emulsifiers: Stabilize the emulsion (e.g., borax, … Read more
Definition of Shampoos: Shampoos are cleansing formulations designed for the hair and scalp. The key goals are: Cleansing: Removal of sebum, dirt, and styling products. Foam and lather: Consumer perception of cleansing efficacy. Hair conditioning: Minimizing tangling and damage. Scalp care: Maintaining scalp health, minimizing irritation. Key Ingredients Surfactants: Provide cleansing and foaming (e.g., sodium … Read more
