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Cholestyramine is a bile acid sequestrant used to lower LDL cholesterol by binding bile acids in the intestine. Structure of Cholestyramine Cholestyramine is a bile acid sequestrant composed of a cross-linked polymer of divinylbenzene and polyethylene oxide, functionalized with quaternary ammonium groups. Chemical Formula: (C₁₂H₁₅NO)n·Cl⁻ Mode of Action Bile Acid Sequestration: Binds bile acids in … Read more

Lovastatin is a statin drug that lowers cholesterol levels by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase, reducing cardiovascular risk. Structure of Lovastatin Lovastatin is a natural statin derived from Aspergillus terreus, featuring a dihydroxyheptanoic acid side chain and a lactone ring. Chemical Formula: C₂₅H₃₆O₅ Mode of Action HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibition: Blocks the enzyme hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase, the rate-limiting step … Read more

Clofibrate is a lipid-lowering drug used to reduce triglyceride levels and manage hyperlipidemia by activating lipid metabolism. Structure of Clofibrate Clofibrate is a fibrate derivative with a benzofurazan core structure, characterized by two chlorine atoms and a carboxylic acid group. Chemical Formula: C₁₄H₁₉Cl₂N₃O₄S Mode of Action PPAR-α Agonist: Activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α), regulating … Read more

Hyperlipidemia is a condition marked by elevated blood lipids, increasing the risk of heart disease, stroke, and atherosclerosis. Hyperlipidemia refers to elevated levels of lipids (fats) in the blood, including cholesterol and triglycerides. It is a significant risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases. Types of Lipids Involved: Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Cholesterol: Often termed … Read more

Amiodarone is a class III anti-arrhythmic drug used to treat serious ventricular and atrial arrhythmias by prolonging cardiac repolarization. Structure of Amiodarone Amiodarone is a class III antiarrhythmic agent with a complex structure containing two iodine atoms attached to a benzofuran ring fused to a diethylamino side chain. Chemical Formula: C₂₉H₄₈I₂N₂O₂ Mode of Action Class … Read more

Sotalol is a class III anti-arrhythmic and beta-blocker that treats atrial and ventricular arrhythmias by prolonging repolarization. Structure of Sotalol Sotalol is a class III antiarrhythmic agent with both beta-blocking (class II) and potassium channel-blocking (class III) properties. It features a non-selective beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist core linked to a benzothiazole moiety. Chemical Formula: C₁₄H₁₆N₂O₃S Mode … Read more

Lorcainide Hydrochloride is a class Ic anti-arrhythmic used in life-threatening arrhythmias by strongly blocking sodium channels. Structure of Lorcainide Hydrochloride Lorcainide hydrochloride is a class IB antiarrhythmic agent similar to lidocaine, featuring an amide linkage and an aromatic ring. It exists as the hydrochloride salt to enhance solubility. Chemical Formula: C₁₁H₁₉N₃O₂ · HCl Mode of … Read more

Mexiletine Hydrochloride is a class Ib anti-arrhythmic that treats ventricular arrhythmias by stabilizing cardiac conduction. Structure of Mexiletine Hydrochloride Mexiletine hydrochloride is a class IB antiarrhythmic agent, structurally related to lidocaine but with an extended alkyl side chain to enhance oral bioavailability. It exists as the hydrochloride salt. Chemical Formula: C₁₆H₂₅N₃O₂ · HCl Mode of … Read more

Tocainide Hydrochloride is a class Ib anti-arrhythmic used to manage ventricular arrhythmias by inhibiting sodium influx. Structure of Tocainide Hydrochloride Tocainide hydrochloride is an amide-type antiarrhythmic agent structurally related to procainamide. It features a diethylaminoethyl side chain attached to a 2,6-dimethyl-p-aminobenzoic acid core. Chemical Formula: C₁₀H₁₅N₃O₂S·HCl Mode of Action Class IA Antiarrhythmic: Blocks fast sodium … Read more