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Bioassay of Digitalis (Cardiac Glycosides): Measures potency using frog or cat heart preparation. Bioassay of Digitalis (Cardiac Glycosides): Evaluates cardiac activity via inotropic effect comparison. Principle of Bioassay of Digitalis (Cardiac Glycoside) Digitalis (e.g., digoxin, digitoxin) increases the force of cardiac contraction and can induce characteristic arrhythmias or lethal effects in overdose. The bioassay detects … Read more
Bioassay of d-Tubocurarine (ADH): Commonly done using frog rectus abdominis muscle. Bioassay of d-Tubocurarine (ADH): Measures neuromuscular blockade to assess potency. Principle of Bioassay of d-Tubocurarine d-Tubocurarine is a non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocker that prevents acetylcholine from activating nicotinic receptors at the neuromuscular junction. The bioassay measures loss of muscle contraction (e.g., twitch response) in response … Read more
Bioassay of ACTH Measures adrenal cortex stimulation in test animals. Bioassay of ACTH Evaluates steroid hormone release as an ACTH response indicator. Principle ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete corticosteroids (cortisol in humans). Bioassay measures either adrenal gland weight, plasma corticosteroid levels, or specific physiological changes caused by elevated corticosteroids. Methods 1. Adrenal Ascorbic … Read more
Bioassay of Vasopressin (ADH): Commonly done using rat pressor or antidiuretic assays. Bioassay of Vasopressin (ADH): Measures vasoconstriction or urine volume reduction in test animals. Principle Bioassay of Vasopressin (ADH) Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone, ADH) has two major effects: Antidiuretic effect (increases water reabsorption in the kidney). Vasopressor effect (vasoconstriction, increases blood pressure). Methods 1. Antidiuretic … Read more
Bioassay of Oxytocin: Commonly done using uterine contraction response in rats or guinea pigs. Bioassays of Oxytocin’s: Measures potency by comparing test sample to standard oxytocin. Principle of Bioassay of Oxytocin Oxytocin stimulates rhythmic contraction of uterine smooth muscle and also causes milk ejection. The bioassay relies on measuring the uterine contraction magnitude or frequency … Read more
Bioassay of Insulin: Ensures potency, efficacy, and standardization of insulin preparations. Bioassay of Insulin: Measures hypoglycemic activity using rabbit or mouse blood glucose levels. Principle of Bioassay of Insulin Insulin lowers blood glucose levels by promoting glucose uptake in peripheral tissues and inhibiting hepatic glucose output. The bioassay evaluates the hypoglycemic effect of a test … Read more
Lidocaine Hydrochloride is a class Ib anti-arrhythmic for acute ventricular arrhythmias, blocking sodium entry in heart cells. Structure of Lidocaine Hydrochloride Lidocaine hydrochloride is an amide-type local anesthetic with a diethylaminoethyl side chain attached to a 1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-4-imidazolidinone core. It exists as the hydrochloride salt to enhance solubility. Chemical Formula: C₁₂H₂₁N₃O · HCl Mode of Action … Read more
Phenytoin Sodium is a class Ib anti-arrhythmic used mainly for digitalis-induced arrhythmias by modulating sodium channels. Structure of Phenytoin Sodium It is a hydantoin derivative with a diphenylmethyl group attached to the hydantoin ring. It exists primarily in the sodium salt form to enhance solubility. Chemical Formula: C₁₀H₁₂N₂O₂Na Mode of Action Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Blockade: … Read more
Disopyramide Phosphate is a class Ia anti-arrhythmic used in ventricular arrhythmias by stabilizing cardiac electrical activity. Structure of Disopyramide Phosphate Disopyramide phosphate is a class IA antiarrhythmic agent with a quinuclidine core structure. It features a dibenzodioxepin ring system linked to a quinuclidine moiety and a diethylamino group. Chemical Formula: C₂₀H₂₉N₃O₄S·H₃PO₄ Mode of Action Class … Read more
Procainamide Hydrochloride is a class Ia anti-arrhythmic that treats arrhythmias by blocking sodium channels and slowing impulses. Structure of Procainamide Hydrochloride Procainamide hydrochloride is a class IA antiarrhythmic agent structurally related to the local anesthetic procainamide. It contains an amide linkage with a diethylamino group and a phenyl ring. Chemical Formula: C₁₉H₃₀N₄O₂S·HCl Mode of Action … Read more
