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Introduction to Fajans Method: Fajans method, also known as the adsorption indicator method, is used for determining halide ions (Cl⁻, Br⁻, I⁻) and other anions like thiocyanate (SCN⁻). It uses silver nitrate (AgNO₃) as the titrant and an adsorption indicator, such as fluorescein, to detect the endpoint based on color change. Principle of Fajans Method: … Read more
Cycloalkanes are a class of saturated hydrocarbons characterized by a closed ring structure made up of carbon atoms connected by single bonds. Each carbon atom in the ring is bonded to two other carbon atoms and two hydrogen atoms, with the general formula CₙH₂ₙ, where “n” represents the number of carbon atoms in the ring. … Read more
Structure of Triphenylmethane: Triphenylmethanes have a central carbon atom bonded to three phenyl groups. Its molecular formula is C19H16. Synthesis of Triphenylmethane: Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: Reaction: Benzene reacts with chloroform in the presence of aluminum chloride to form triphenylmethanes. $\mathrm{3C_6H_6 + CHCl_3 \xrightarrow{AlCl_3} C(C_6H_5)_3 + 3HCl}$ Grignard Reaction: Reaction: Benzophenone reacts with phenylmagnesium bromide to form … Read more
Structure of Diphenylmethane: Diphenylmethanes consists of a methane molecule where two hydrogen atoms are replaced by two phenyl groups. The molecular formula is C13H12. Synthesis of Diphenylmethane: Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: Reaction: Benzene reacts with benzyl chloride in the presence of aluminum chloride to form diphenylmethanes. $\mathrm{C_6H_6 + C_6H_5CH_2Cl \xrightarrow{AlCl_3} C_6H_5CH_2C_6H_5 + HCl}$ Reactions of Diphenylmethane: Oxidation: … Read more
Structure of Anthracene: It is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with three fused benzene rings arranged in a linear structure. The molecular formula is C14H10, and it is isomeric with phenanthrene. Synthesis of Anthracene: From Coal Tar: Anthracenes are also isolated from the high boiling fraction of coal tar. Laboratory Synthesis (Elbs Reaction): Cyclodehydration: Ortho-benzoyltoluene is … Read more
Electrophilic addition is a fundamental chemical reaction where an electrophile and a nucleophile, typically an alkene or alkyne, combine to form a single bond. This process involves the conversion of a π bond into new σ bonds, playing a crucial role in the transformation of alkenes and alkynes into more complex organic compounds. Key Concepts … Read more
Factors affecting E1 and E2 reactions Definition Factors Affecting E1 and E2 Reactions (Short Version): E1 reactions depend on substrate concentration and proceed via carbocation formation, favoring stable substrates (like tertiary carbons), polar protic solvents, and weak bases. E2 reactions are second-order, requiring strong bases, good leaving groups, and polar aprotic solvents. An anti-periplanar arrangement … Read more
Structure of Naphthalene: It is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon consisting of two fused benzene rings. The molecular formula is C10H8. The structure is planar, and it has alternating double and single bonds, which are characteristic of aromatic compounds. Synthesis of Naphthalene: From Coal Tar: Naphthalenes are primarily obtained from coal tar, which is distilled to … Read more
Structure of Phenanthrene: It is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon composed of three fused benzene rings arranged in a linear arrangement. Its molecular formula is C14H10. Synthesis of Phenanthrene: From Coal Tar: It is extracted from the high boiling fraction of coal tar. Laboratory Synthesis (Bardhan-Sengupta Synthesis): Condensation: Benzene is condensed with phthalic anhydride in the … Read more
Anti-Markovnikov’s rule predicts the opposite regiochemistry of Markovnikov’s rule in certain reactions, especially in free radical additions. Markovnikov’s Rule: In the addition of a protic acid (HX) to an unsymmetrical alkene, hydrogen (H) attaches to the carbon with more hydrogen atoms, while the halide (X) attaches to the carbon with more substituents. Anti-Markovnikov’s Orientation: In … Read more
