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Chloral Hydrate Definition Chloral Hydrate is a sedative and hypnotic chemical compound with the formula C₂H₃Cl₃O₂. It is a clear, colorless liquid or crystalline solid, historically used as a sleep-inducing agent and anxiolytic. When ingested, it is metabolized into trichloroethanol, the active substance responsible for its central nervous system depressant effects. Structure: Chemical Formula: C₂H₃Cl₃O₂ … Read more

Acetone Definition  Acetone is a colorless, volatile, flammable liquid organic compound with the chemical formula C₃H₆O. It is the simplest and smallest ketone, also known by its IUPAC name propanone. Structure: Chemical Formula: C₃H₆O Molecular Structure: A three-carbon chain with a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to the central carbon, with the remaining valencies filled by … Read more

Paraldehyde Definition  Paraldehyde is a chemical compound with the formula (C2H4O)3(C_2H_4O)_3(C2​H4​O)3​. It is a cyclic trimer of acetaldehyde, formed through polymerization under acidic conditions. Structure: Chemical Formula: (C₂H₄O)₃ Molecular Structure: A cyclic trimer of acetaldehyde, consisting of three acetaldehyde molecules bonded in a ring. Geometry: Each carbon is sp² hybridized, forming a six-membered ring. Uses: … Read more

Formaldehyde Definition Formaldehyde is a colorless, flammable gas with a strong, pungent odor. It is the simplest aldehyde, with the chemical formula CH₂O. It is widely used in the production of resins, textiles, disinfectants, and as a preservative in laboratories and mortuaries. It is highly reactive and can pose health risks, including respiratory irritation and … Read more

Perkin condensation, another pivotal organic reaction, facilitates the formation of a new carbon-carbon bond between an aromatic aldehyde (commonly benzaldehyde) and an anhydride (typically acetic anhydride). This reaction, catalyzed by a base such as sodium acetate, yields an α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acid, a derivative of cinnamic acid. The steps of the Perkin condensation mechanism are as … Read more

Benzoin condensation is a classic example of a nucleophilic addition reaction, specifically between two molecules of an aromatic aldehyde such as benzaldehyde. Benzoin condensation reaction is facilitated by catalysts like the cyanide ion (CN⁻) or a N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC), leading to the formation of benzoin, an α-hydroxyketone. The mechanism of Benzoin Condensation unfolds through several … Read more

The Cannizzaro and Crossed Cannizzaro reaction are significant in organic chemistry, involving the transformation of aldehydes without alpha-hydrogens under basic conditions. These reactions yield alcohols and carboxylic acids or their salts. Cannizzaro Reaction The Cannizzaro reaction is a redox reaction where two molecules of a non-enolizable aldehyde are transformed into a primary alcohol and a … Read more

Aldol condensation is a significant organic reaction used in the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler carbonyl compounds like aldehydes and ketones. It is widely utilized in natural product synthesis, pharmaceuticals, and bioactive compounds. It can be categorized into two types: simple aldol condensation and crossed aldol condensation. Both involve the formation of a β-hydroxy … Read more

The Electrometric Effect is an important electronic phenomenon in organic chemistry, especially significant in reactions involving unsaturated compounds such as aldehydes and ketones. It involves the temporary and complete transfer of π electrons within a molecule, influencing the reactivity of carbonyl groups (C=O). Fundamentals of the Electrometric Effect Definition: The electrometric effects are temporary and … Read more