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Antiseptics are chemical agents applied to living tissues to reduce the possibility of infection, sepsis, or putrefaction. Common Antiseptics: Alcohols (Ethanol, Isopropanol): Used for skin disinfection before injections. Advantages: Rapid action, broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. Disadvantages: Can cause skin dryness and irritation; flammable. Chlorhexidine as Antiseptics: Used in handwashing solutions and surgical scrubs. Advantages: Persistent antimicrobial … Read more

Disinfectants are chemical agents used to eliminate or reduce harmful microorganisms on surfaces and objects. They are essential for controlling infections and maintaining hygiene in various settings, including healthcare, laboratories, and public spaces. Disinfectants can be classified based on their chemical nature and their mode of action. Classification by Chemical Nature: Alcohols Examples: Ethanol, Isopropanol … Read more

The study of viruses encompasses various aspects including their morphology, classification, reproduction/replication, and cultivation. Morphology of Viruses Structure of viruses: Capsid: The protein coat surrounding the viral genome, composed of protein subunits called capsomeres. The capsid provides protection and aids in the attachment to host cells. Helical: Capsids with a rod-like appearance (e.g., tobacco mosaic … Read more

The study of fungi encompasses various aspects, including their morphology, classification, reproduction/replication, and cultivation. Morphology of Fungi Structure: Hyphae: The basic structural units of fungus, which are long, thread-like filaments. They can be septate (divided by cross walls) or coenocytic (without septa). Mycelium: A network of hyphae that forms the body (thallus) of the fungus. … Read more

Factors Influencing Disinfection and antiseptics is influenced by below mentioned factors. Understanding these factors is crucial for achieving optimal microbial control. Concentration of Disinfectant Higher concentrations generally increase the efficacy of disinfectants. However, excessively high concentrations can be toxic, corrosive, or may cause resistance. Contact Time Longer contact times allow the disinfectant to interact more … Read more

Introduction of Sterility Testing of Pharmaceutical Products Sterility testing is a critical quality control procedure to ensure that pharmaceutical products intended to be sterile are free from viable microorganisms. This testing is essential for products like injectables, ophthalmic preparations, and certain solids and liquids. The procedures are largely harmonized across major pharmacopeias, including the Indian … Read more