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Flow Properties Of Powders describe how particles move, pack, and discharge in pharmaceutical processing. Flow Properties Of Powders affect mixing, granulation, tableting, and overall product quality. Powder flow is critical for operations like tablet compression, capsule filling, and granulation. Methods to Evaluate Flow: 1 Angle of Repose Angle formed when a powder is allowed to … Read more
Definition of Bulkiness: Bulkiness affects flow, compressibility, and formulation quality in pharmaceuticals. The reciprocal of bulk density. Indicates how much volume a given mass of powder occupies. $B = \tfrac{1}{\rho_{b}} \; \text{(Bulkiness)}$ Units: cm³/g A bulky powder has low bulk density and occupies more volume. Importance: High bulkiness = light, fluffy powder Important for … Read more
Densities of Powders explain bulk, tapped, and true densities influencing flow and packing. Densities of Powders determine formulation, compaction, and quality control in pharmaceuticals. True Density (ρt) The density of the actual solid material, excluding pores or voids. Measured using a helium pycnometer or liquid displacement. Units: g/cm³ $\rho_{t} = \frac{\text{Mass of particles}}{\text{True volume } … Read more
Definition of Packing Arrangement: Packing Arrangement refers to how particles are arranged in a powder bed. Influences bulk density, porosity, and flow. Types of Packing: Refers to how particles are arranged in a powder bed. Cubic Packing (loosest): Porosity ≈ 47.6 Packing fraction ≈ 52.4 Rhombic (or Hexagonal Close Packing, densest): Porosity ≈ 25.9 Packing … Read more
Definition of Porosity: Porosity is the fraction of void space (air) in a powder bed relative to its total volume. $\varepsilon = \frac{V_{b} – V_{s}}{V_{b}} \times 100 \; \text{(Porosity)}$ Where: Vb = Bulk volume (total volume occupied by powder, including voids) Vs = True volume (volume of the solid material itself) Alternatively, $\varepsilon = 1 … Read more
Physiological Barriers to Drug Distribution Certain physiological barriers regulate drug distribution, protecting tissues from harmful substances but also limiting drug access: Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) Composed of tight endothelial junctions, it prevents many drugs from entering the brain. Only highly lipophilic drugs or those using specialized transporters can cross. Blood-Testes Barrier (BTB) Protects developing sperm from … Read more
Factors Influencing Drug Absorption Through the GIT include physicochemical properties, formulation, gastric emptying, and intestinal pH. Factors Influencing Drug Absorption Through the GIT The absorption of drugs through the GIT is affected by multiple factors, which can be broadly classified into the following categories: Physicochemical Properties of the Drug The inherent chemical and physical properties … Read more
Absorption of drug from non per-oral extra-vascular routes covers intramuscular, subcutaneous, inhalation, and transdermal pathways. Absorption of drug from Non per-oral extra-vascular routes Non-peroral extra-vascular routes refer to drug administration methods outside the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. These routes offer various advantages, such as avoiding first-pass metabolism and enabling targeted drug delivery. The major routes include: … Read more
Drug Distribution in Biopharmaceutics explains how drugs move from blood to tissues, influenced by protein binding and permeability. Definition of Drug Distribution in Biopharmaceutics Drug distribution refers to the process by which a drug is transported from its administration site to target tissues and other organs in the body via the bloodstream. Factors Influencing Distribution … Read more
Physiological Properties Affecting Drug Distribution include blood flow, tissue permeability, protein binding, and body water content. Physiological Properties Affecting Drug Distribution The distribution of a drug in the body is influenced by several physiological properties: Lipid Solubility Highly lipid-soluble drugs (e.g., diazepam, propofol) distribute more readily into lipid-rich tissues like the brain and adipose tissue. … Read more