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In Vitro In Vivo Correlation IVIVC links drug dissolution data with bioavailability to predict absorption and therapeutic performance. In-Vitro-In-Vivo Correlation (IVIVC) IVIVC is a predictive mathematical model that links in-vitro drug dissolution with in-vivo pharmacokinetic performance. It helps estimate drug behavior in the body based on laboratory dissolution data, aiding in formulation development, regulatory approvals, … Read more
Measurement of bioavailability involves plasma drug concentration, urinary excretion data, and pharmacokinetic parameters. Bioavailability is measured using pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic methods to assess the extent and rate of drug absorption. A. Pharmacokinetic Measurement Pharmacokinetic methods analyze drug concentration in the body over time to determine how much reaches systemic circulation. The two main approaches are: … Read more
Absolute and Relative Bioavailability explain the extent and rate of drug absorption compared to intravenous and standard formulations. Absolute Bioavailability (Fabs) Measures how much of a drug enters the bloodstream after non-IV administration (e.g., oral, subcutaneous, transdermal) compared to IV administration. IV drugs have 100 Formula: $F_{\text{abs}} = \frac{AUC_{\text{extravascular}} \times \text{Dose}_{IV}}{AUC_{IV} \times \text{Dose}_{\text{extravascular}}}$ Where: AUC … Read more
Non renal routes of drug excretion of drug include biliary, pulmonary, salivary, sweat, and milk pathways for elimination. Non renal routes of drug excretion of drug Although the kidneys represent the primary excretory route for most drugs, several other pathways can also contribute to drug elimination: Biliary and Fecal Excretion Many drugs, especially larger, more … Read more
Bioavailability BA definition and objectives explain the rate and extent of drug absorption reaching systemic circulation. Bioavailability (BA) definition and objectives Definition of Bioavailability Bioavailability is defined as the fraction (F) of an administered drug dose that reaches systemic circulation in an unchanged form and is available for therapeutic action. It includes both: Extent of … Read more
Paediatric Dose Calculations is complex due to the physiological differences between children and adults, affecting drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Several methods are used to calculate the appropriate Paediatric Dose Calculations based on age, body weight, and body surface area (BSA). Age-Based Dosing Methods Young’s Formula (For children aged 2-12 years): Formula: Pediatric dose = (Age … Read more
Definition of Posology Posology is derived from the Greek words “posos” meaning “how much” and “logos” meaning “science.” It refers to the study of drug dosages, which includes not only the amount of the drug to be administered but also the frequency and duration of treatment. Posology aims to determine the correct dosage to achieve … Read more
Handling a prescription Steps and Responsibilities is a critical responsibility for pharmacists to ensure the safe and effective dispensing of medications. The process involves several steps: Receiving: The pharmacist receives the prescription, either directly from the patient or electronically from the prescriber. The prescription is reviewed for completeness, legibility, and all necessary information. Reading and … Read more
A prescription is a written or electronic communication from a licensed healthcare provider to a pharmacist, authorizing the dispensing of a specific medication to a patient. It serves as a legal document that provides detailed instructions regarding the medication type, strength, dosage, and duration. Prescriptions are crucial in ensuring safe and effective medication use. Date: … Read more
Dosage forms are the physical formulations of drugs, prepared to ensure the safe, effective, and accurate administration of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) to patients. They are designed to account for various factors, including the drug’s properties, pharmacokinetics (how the drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted), pharmacodynamics (the effects of the drug on the … Read more
