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Conformational Isomerism is a type of stereoisomerism that arises from rotation around single covalent bonds, producing different spatial arrangements of atoms without breaking bonds. These conformers, such as staggered, eclipsed, or gauche forms, often differ in stability and energy, influencing the physical and chemical properties of molecules. Definition of Conformational Isomerism Conformational isomers (or conformers) … Read more
Geometrical Isomerism is a type of stereoisomerism where compounds differ in spatial arrangement around a double bond or ring, such as cis and transforms. Definition of Geometrical Isomerism: Geometrical isomerism is a type of stereoisomerism (same molecular formula and bonding order, but different spatial arrangements of atoms or groups). It occurs due to the restricted … Read more
Tolmetin blocks COX enzymes, decreasing prostaglandins to relieve pain, fever, and inflammation. It is an NSAID used for osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and juvenile arthritis. Chemical Formula: C₁₅H₁₅NO₃ Mechanism of Action: Inhibits COX enzymes Also inhibits leukocyte migration (minor) Uses of Tolmetin: OA, RA, juvenile arthritis Side Effects of Tolmetin: GI upset Headache Less frequent CNS … Read more
Zomepirac (Withdrawn) was discontinued due to severe anaphylactic and hypersensitivity reactions. It was an NSAID once used for pain relief in arthritis and acute conditions. Chemical Formula: C₁₁H₁₂N₂O₃ Mechanism of Zomepirac (Withdrawn): Non-selective COX inhibitor Uses of Zomepirac (Withdrawn): Formerly used for moderate to severe pain Side Effects: Fatal anaphylactic reactions GI toxicity Notes: Withdrawn … Read more
Sulindac inhibits COX enzymes, lowering prostaglandin synthesis to reduce pain and swelling. It is an NSAID effective in treating arthritis, pain, and inflammation. Chemical Formula: C₂₀H₁₇FO₃S Mechanism of Action: Prodrug → converted to active sulfide metabolite Inhibits COX-1 and COX-2 Uses of Sulindac: RA, OA, gout Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) (off-label) Side Effects of Sulindac: … Read more
Indomethacin is an NSAID used to relieve pain, inflammation, arthritis, and gout. It works by inhibiting COX enzymes, reducing prostaglandin synthesis and inflammation. Chemical Formula: C₁₉H₁₆ClNO₄ Mechanism of Action: Potent non-selective COX inhibitor Reduces inflammation, pain, fever Uses of Indomethacin: Gout (acute) RA, OA, ankylosing spondylitis Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) closure in neonates Side Effects … Read more
Meclofenamate (Meclofenamic acid) is an NSAID effective in pain, inflammation, and arthritis relief. It inhibits COX enzymes, reducing prostaglandin synthesis and inflammation. Chemical Formula: C₁₄H₁₁Cl₂NO₂ Mechanism of Action: Reversible, non-selective COX-1/COX-2 inhibitor Inhibits prostaglandin synthesis Uses of Meclofenamate (Meclofenamic acid): Mild to moderate pain Dysmenorrhea Osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis Side Effects of Meclofenamate (Meclofenamic acid): GI … Read more
Mefenamic Acid is an NSAID effective in treating pain, inflammation, and menstrual cramps. It inhibits COX enzymes, reducing prostaglandin synthesis for analgesic and anti-inflammatory action. Chemical Formula: C₁₅H₁₅NO₂ Mechanism: Reversible, non-selective COX inhibitor Reduces prostaglandin synthesis → pain relief, anti-inflammatory Uses: Dysmenorrhea Mild to moderate pain Musculoskeletal inflammation Side Effects: GI irritation Diarrhea CNS effects … Read more
Explore Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic acid) for pain relief, anti-inflammatory action, and cardiovascular protection. It works by inhibiting COX enzymes, reducing prostaglandin synthesis. Chemical Formula: C₉H₈O₄ Mechanism of Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic acid): Irreversible inhibitor of COX-1 & COX-2 Acetylates serine residue on COX enzymes Uses of Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic acid): Analgesic, antipyretic Anti-inflammatory (high dose) Anti-platelet (low dose) Side … Read more
Sodium Salicylate inhibits prostaglandin synthesis, reducing pain, fever, and inflammation. It is used as an analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory agent. Chemical Formula: C₇H₅NaO₃ Mechanism of Action: Non-selective COX inhibitor Reduces PG synthesis → anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic Uses of Sodium Salicylate: Mild pain Fever Rheumatic fever, arthritis Side Effects of Sodium Salicylate: GI irritation Tinnitus (salicylism) … Read more
