FirstHope

Meperidine Hydrochloride (Pethidine)

by

Meperidine Hydrochloride (Pethidine) acts on μ-opioid receptors, producing analgesia and sedation. It is an opioid analgesic for moderate to severe pain relief. Chemical Formula: C₁₅H₂₁NO₂·HCl Mechanism of Action: Synthetic μ-opioid agonist Also has anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties Therapeutic Uses of Meperidine Hydrochloride (Pethidine): Acute pain Obstetric analgesia (short duration) Post-anesthesia shivering Side Effects of … Read more

Codeine

by

Codeine converts to morphine in the body, acting on opioid receptors to provide analgesia and sedation. It is an opioid analgesic and antitussive used for mild to moderate pain and cough relief. Chemical Formula: C₁₈H₂₁NO₃ Mechanism of Action: Prodrug → demethylated in liver (CYP2D6) → morphine Weak μ-opioid agonist itself; major activity via conversion to … Read more

Anileridine Hydrochloride

by
Anileridine Hydrochloride

Anileridine Hydrochloride acts on opioid receptors, altering pain perception and producing sedation. It is an opioid analgesic for moderate to severe pain management. Chemical Formula: C₂₂H₂₈N₂O₂·HCl Mechanism of Action: μ-opioid receptor agonist Therapeutic Uses of Anileridine Hydrochloride: Moderate to severe pain (post-op or cancer pain) Faster onset than morphine Side Effects of Anileridine Hydrochloride: Respiratory … Read more

Asymmetric Synthesis (Chiral Synthesis)

by
Asymmetric Synthesis (Chiral Synthesis)

Asymmetric Synthesis (Chiral Synthesis) is a method of creating compounds with a preferred chirality to produce optically active molecules. Definition: Asymmetric synthesis is a chemical reaction that forms chiral products in a way that favors one stereoisomer (enantiomer or diastereomer) over the other. Essential in drug synthesis, since enantiomers can have different biological effects. Types … Read more

Racemic Modification (Racemization)

by
Racemic Modification (Racemization)

Racemic Modification (Racemization) is the formation of an equimolar mixture of two enantiomers, making the mixture optically inactive. What is a Racemic Mixture? A racemic mixture (also called a racemate) is a 1:1 mixture of two enantiomers of a chiral compound: One is dextrorotatory (+) One is levorotatory (−) Their optical rotations cancel, so the … Read more

R-S System of Nomenclature (Absolute Configuration)

by
R-S System of Nomenclature (Absolute Configuration)

R-S System of Nomenclature (Absolute Configuration) designates chiral centers as R or S based on substituent priority and spatial arrangement. R-S System of Nomenclature (Absolute Configuration) The R/S system gives the absolute configuration of a chiral center using the sequence rules. Steps to assign R or S: Identify the chiral center. Assign priority (1–4) to … Read more

Resolution of Racemic Mixture

by
Resolution of Racemic Mixture

Resolution of Racemic Mixture is the process of separating two enantiomers from a racemic mixture to obtain optically active forms. Since enantiomers have identical physical properties (melting point, solubility, etc.), they cannot be separated by normal methods. So, we need special techniques to separate them — this process is called resolution. Definition: Resolution is the … Read more

Reactions of Chiral Molecules

by
Reactions of Chiral Molecules

Reactions of Chiral Molecules involve changes where chirality may be retained, inverted, or lost, influencing drug activity and biological effects. Reactions involving chiral molecules are influenced by stereochemistry, leading to different outcomes based on the chirality. Racemization A reaction where a single enantiomer is converted into an equal mixture of both enantiomers (racemic mixture). Racemic … Read more

Thioridazine Hydrochloride

by

Thioridazine Hydrochloride is a typical antipsychotic, blocking dopamine receptors to reduce psychotic activity in the brain. It treats schizophrenia and psychotic disorders by managing symptoms like agitation and hallucinations. Chemical Formula: C₂₁H₂₇ClN₂S₂·HCl Mechanism of Action: D2 receptor antagonist Also blocks muscarinic, alpha, and H1 receptors Uses of Thioridazine Hydrochloride: Schizophrenia (especially in treatment-resistant or sensitive … Read more

Sequence Rules (Cahn–Ingold–Prelog Rules)

by
Sequence Rules (Cahn–Ingold–Prelog Rules)

Sequence Rules (Cahn–Ingold–Prelog Rules) assign R or S configuration to chiral centers based on priority of substituent groups. These rules are used to assign priorities to groups around a chiral center when determining R/S configurations. Sequence Rules: Priority by atomic number: Higher atomic number = higher priority. I > Br > Cl > S > … Read more

','

' ); } ?>