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Reactions of Chiral Molecules involve changes where chirality may be retained, inverted, or lost, influencing drug activity and biological effects. Reactions involving chiral molecules are influenced by stereochemistry, leading to different outcomes based on the chirality. Racemization A reaction where a single enantiomer is converted into an equal mixture of both enantiomers (racemic mixture). Racemic … Read more
Thioridazine Hydrochloride is a typical antipsychotic, blocking dopamine receptors to reduce psychotic activity in the brain. It treats schizophrenia and psychotic disorders by managing symptoms like agitation and hallucinations. Chemical Formula: C₂₁H₂₇ClN₂S₂·HCl Mechanism of Action: D2 receptor antagonist Also blocks muscarinic, alpha, and H1 receptors Uses of Thioridazine Hydrochloride: Schizophrenia (especially in treatment-resistant or sensitive … Read more
Sequence Rules (Cahn–Ingold–Prelog Rules) assign R or S configuration to chiral centers based on priority of substituent groups. These rules are used to assign priorities to groups around a chiral center when determining R/S configurations. Sequence Rules: Priority by atomic number: Higher atomic number = higher priority. I > Br > Cl > S > … Read more
D-L System of Nomenclature (Fischer Nomenclature) classifies chiral molecules based on the spatial arrangement of groups around the asymmetric carbon. What is it? The D-L system is a historical method used to designate the configuration of chiral molecules, particularly sugars and amino acids. It is based on the molecule’s similarity to glyceraldehyde, the simplest chiral … Read more
Presentation of Molecules refers to different ways of representing molecular structures, such as Fischer, Newman, Sawhorse, and wedge-dash projections. Presentation of Molecules Wedge-Dash (3D) Projection Purpose: Shows the actual 3D spatial orientation of atoms or groups. Features: Solid wedge (▲): Bond coming out of the plane (towards you) Dashed wedge (▿ or dashed line): Bond … Read more
Chiral and Achiral Molecules: Chiral molecules have a non-superimposable mirror image due to a chiral center, while achiral molecules are superimposable on their mirror image and lack chirality. Chiral Molecules Definition: A molecule is chiral if it: Has no element of symmetry Is not superimposable on its mirror image Can rotate plane-polarized light (optically active) … Read more
Morphine Sulphate acts on μ-opioid receptors, altering pain perception and producing sedation. It is a potent opioid analgesic for severe acute and chronic pain relief. Chemical Formula: (C₁₇H₁₉NO₃)₂·H₂SO₄ Mechanism of Action: Full agonist at μ-opioid receptors Causes inhibition of adenylate cyclase, ↓ cAMP, ↑ K⁺ efflux, ↓ Ca²⁺ influx → neuronal hyperpolarization → inhibition of … Read more
SAR of Morphine Analogues highlights opioid receptor binding, guiding design of safer pain relievers. SAR of Morphine Analogues shows how structural changes modify analgesic potency and side effects. Morphine has a rigid, pentacyclic ring system with functional groups critical to opioid activity. Key Features of SAR of Morphine Analogues: Phenolic OH at C-3: Essential for … Read more
Narcotic and Non-Narcotic Analgesics relieve pain, ranging from mild headaches to severe postoperative pain. It acts via opioid receptors or peripheral pathways to reduce pain perception. Narcotic (Opioid) Analgesics These drugs act on the opioid receptors (μ, κ, δ) in the central nervous system (CNS). Mechanism: Agonist activity at μ-opioid receptors leads to: Inhibition of … Read more
Ketamine Hydrochloride blocks NMDA receptors, producing dissociative anesthesia with analgesia. It is used for anesthesia, pain relief, and emergency sedation. Chemical Formula: C₁₃H₁₆ClNO·HCl Mechanism of Action: NMDA receptor antagonist Also interacts with opioid, monoaminergic, and muscarinic receptors Increases sympathetic output → ↑ BP, HR, CO Uses of Ketamine Hydrochloride: Induction of anesthesia Short surgical procedures … Read more