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Spare receptors enhance drug response, allowing maximum effect even when not all receptors are occupied. Definition of Spare Receptors: Spare receptors are receptors that are not required to be occupied by a drug to produce the maximum response. Significance: A full response can be achieved even when only a small fraction of total receptors are … Read more

Antagonists are drugs that block receptor activity, preventing the action of agonists or natural ligands. Definition: An antagonist is a drug that binds to a receptor without activating it. It blocks the action of agonists (both drugs and endogenous substances). Types of Antagonists: Competitive Antagonist: Binds reversibly to the same site as the agonist on … Read more

Agonists are drugs that bind to receptors and activate them to produce a biological response. Definition: An agonist is a drug (or any chemical) that binds to a receptor and activates it, producing a biological response. Agonists mimic the action of endogenous (natural) ligands like hormones or neurotransmitters. Types of Agonists: Full Agonist: Produces maximum … Read more

Routes of drug administration determine how medicines enter the body, including oral, intravenous, inhalation, and topical methods. The route of administration affects the onset, intensity, and duration of drug action. Enteral Routes Oral (PO): Most common, safest, and convenient route. Subject to first-pass metabolism in the liver and variable absorption. Sublingual/Buccal: Absorbed through the oral … Read more

Definition of Essential Drugs Concept Essential drugs (or essential medicines) are those that: Satisfy the priority health care needs of the population. Should be available at all times, in adequate amounts, appropriate dosage forms, with assured quality and affordable cost. WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (EML) First published in 1977 with 208 drugs. Updated … Read more

Membrane Transport of Drugs involves processes like passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, and endocytosis for drug movement across cell membranes. Membrane Transport of Drugs Understanding how drugs cross biological membranes is crucial to all processes of pharmacokinetics (ADME). Biological membranes are primarily lipid bilayers interspersed with proteins. Several mechanisms allow drugs to traverse these … Read more

Source of Drugs includes natural, synthetic, and biotechnological origins such as plants, animals, minerals, and microorganisms. Drugs can be obtained from various natural, semi-synthetic, synthetic, and biotechnological sources. 1. Natural Source of Drugs These are substances directly obtained from nature – plants, animals, microorganisms, or minerals. Plant Sources Many traditional and modern medicines originate from … Read more

Nature of Drugs refers to the physical, chemical, and biological properties of drugs that determine their action, effectiveness, and therapeutic use. Definition of a Drug: A drug is any substance (natural or synthetic) that, when administered to a living organism, produces a biological effect. Drugs are used for diagnosis, prevention, treatment, or cure of diseases. … Read more

Introduction to Pharmacology is the study of drugs, their sources, properties, mechanisms, therapeutic uses, and effects on living systems. Definition of Pharmacology Pharmacology is the branch of science that deals with the study of drugs, including their origin, nature, properties, actions, and effects on living organisms. It is primarily divided into two major branches: Pharmacodynamics … Read more