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A neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is the synapse or connection between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. It is a specialized structure that enables the transmission of electrical signals from the nervous system to the muscle, resulting in muscle contraction. Components of the Neuromuscular Junction 1) Presynaptic Terminal Location: The axon terminal of the motor … Read more
Muscle contraction is a complex process that involves the interaction of myofilaments (actin and myosin) within muscle fibers, leading to muscle shortening and force generation. The process can be broken down into four key steps: neuromuscular transmission, excitation-contraction coupling, cross-bridge cycling, and muscle relaxation. Neuromuscular Transmission Action Potential Initiation: Muscle contraction begins with an action … Read more
Skeletal muscle is a type of striated muscle tissue responsible for voluntary body movements. It is composed of long, multinucleated cells called muscle fibers. The structure of skeletal muscle can be understood at various levels: Whole Muscle: A skeletal muscle is an organ made up of muscle tissue, connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerves. The … Read more
The skeletal system, composed of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons, plays several crucial roles in the human body. Some of the primary functions of skeletal system are: 1. Support: The skeleton provides a structural framework that supports the body’s shape and maintains proper body alignment. It offers attachment points for muscles, ligaments, and tendons, allowing … Read more
Bones are rigid organs that form part of the endoskeleton of vertebrates. They function to move, support, and protect the various organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells, and store minerals. Bone tissue is a type of dense connective tissue. Bones come in a variety of shapes and sizes and have a … Read more
Functions of the Skin are listed below: 1. Protection as Functions of the Skin: Acts as a physical barrier against mechanical injuries, harmful chemicals, and pathogens. The acidic pH of the skin surface inhibits bacterial growth. Melanin in the epidermis protects against UV radiation. 2. Sensation as Functions of the Skin: Nerve endings in the … Read more
Blood grouping is the classifications of blood based on the presence or absence of inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs). These antigens may be proteins, carbohydrates, glycoproteins, or glycolipids, depending on the blood group system. The two most important blood group systems are the ABO system and the Rh system. … Read more
Blood clotting, also known as coagulation, is a crucial process that prevents excessive bleeding when a blood vessel is injured. Here’s a detailed overview of how it works: Vascular Spasm Immediately after a blood vessel is injured, its walls constrict to reduce blood flow. This initial response is known as a vascular spasm. Platelet Plug … Read more
Anemia is a medical condition characterized by a decrease in the number of red blood cells (RBCs) or a reduction in hemoglobin levels within RBCs. Hemoglobin is an iron-containing protein that binds to oxygen, enabling RBCs to transport oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. When anemia occurs, the body’s tissues and … Read more
Hemopoiesis (Haematopoiesis) is the process by which blood cells are produced in the body, primarily occurring in the bone marrow. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) differentiate into various blood cell types, including erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and thrombocytes (platelets). Erythropoiesis Production of erythrocytes (red blood cells) responsible for oxygen transport. Process: Begins … Read more
