FirstHope Intracellular signalling pathways are activated by extracellular signal molecules, which allow cells to respond and adapt to changes in their environment. The process of activating an intracellular signalling pathway typically involves the following steps: Signal Generation A signalling molecule (ligand) is produced and released by a signalling cell in response to a specific stimulus. Signal … Read more
Cell communication is a vital process in multicellular organisms that allows cells to coordinate their activities, respond to changes in their environment, and maintain homeostasis. The general principles of cell communication can be summarized in the following step Signal generation In response to a stimulus, a signalling molecule or ligand is produced and released by … Read more
Cell junctions are specialized structures that connect cells to each other or to the extracellular matrix. These junctions play crucial roles in maintaining the integrity and function of tissues by allowing communication between cells, holding cells together, and regulating the passage of molecules between them. There are three main types of cell junctions: Tight Junctions … Read more
Cell division is a fundamental process in which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells. It allows for growth, repair, and reproduction in living organisms. There are two main types of cell division: mitosis (in eukaryotic cells) and binary fission (in prokaryotic cells). Additionally, eukaryotic organisms undergo a specialized form of cell … Read more
Transport across the cell membrane is essential for cells to exchange materials with their environment and maintain homeostasis. Types of transport across cell membrane mechanisms Passive transport across cell membrane Passive transport does not require energy input from the cell, as it relies on the natural movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration … Read more
Basic anatomical terminology is essential for accurate and effective communication in the fields of anatomy, physiology, and medicine. These terms provide a standardized way to describe the location, orientation, and relationships of body structures. Some fundamental anatomical terms include Anatomical Position A reference point for describing the location and orientation of body structures. The anatomical … Read more
The feedback mechanisms can be classified into two categories: Negative feedback in Homeostasis Process Positive feedback in Homeostasis Process Several organ systems play crucial roles in maintaining homeostasis Process including Nervous system Endocrine system Respiratory system Cardiovascular system Urinary system The urinary system filters waste products from the blood and maintains electrolyte balance and fluid … Read more
The Basic life processes include: 1. Metabolism 2. Responsiveness 3. Movement 4. Growth 5. Differentiation: 6. Reproduction 7. Respiration 8. Excretion 9. Circulation 5. Nutrition
The levels of structural organization can be categorized as follows: 1. Chemical level: 2. Cellular level: 3. Tissue level: 4. Organ level: 5. Organ system (Body System) level: A. Integumentary System: B. Skeletal System: C. Muscular System D. Nervous System E. Endocrine System F. Cardiovascular System G. Lymphatic/Immune System H. Respiratory System I. Digestive System … Read more
Anatomy: Definition and Scope Anatomy is the study of the structure and organization of living organisms, particularly focusing on the physical makeup of the human body. It involves examining the body’s various parts, including bones, muscles, organs, blood vessels, nerves, and tissues. Anatomy is further divided into several branches: Gross anatomy (macroscopic anatomy): Studies the … Read more
