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Structure of Naphthalene: It is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon consisting of two fused benzene rings. The molecular formula is C10H8. The structure is planar, and it has alternating double and single bonds, which are characteristic of aromatic compounds. Synthesis of Naphthalene: From Coal Tar: Naphthalenes are primarily obtained from coal tar, which is distilled to … Read more
Structure of Phenanthrene: It is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon composed of three fused benzene rings arranged in a linear arrangement. Its molecular formula is C14H10. Synthesis of Phenanthrene: From Coal Tar: It is extracted from the high boiling fraction of coal tar. Laboratory Synthesis (Bardhan-Sengupta Synthesis): Condensation: Benzene is condensed with phthalic anhydride in the … Read more
Anti-Markovnikov’s rule predicts the opposite regiochemistry of Markovnikov’s rule in certain reactions, especially in free radical additions. Markovnikov’s Rule: In the addition of a protic acid (HX) to an unsymmetrical alkene, hydrogen (H) attaches to the carbon with more hydrogen atoms, while the halide (X) attaches to the carbon with more substituents. Anti-Markovnikov’s Orientation: In … Read more
Conjugated dienes are a fascinating class of organic compounds characterized by two carbon-carbon double bonds separated by a single carbon-carbon bond. This unique structure endows dienes with remarkable physical and chemical properties, distinguishing them from other types of organic compounds. Below, we delve into the intricacies of dienes, exploring their types, nomenclature, physical and chemical … Read more
Ozonolysis is a chemical reaction that cleaves the double bonds in alkenes or alkynes by reacting with ozone (O₃), leading to the formation of smaller organic compounds. It is a valuable technique in organic synthesis and structural determination, as it breaks down complex molecules into simpler ones, facilitating the identification of molecular structures. Mechanism of … Read more
Alkenes Preparation, characterized by the presence of at least one carbon-carbon double bond, play a crucial role in organic synthesis and industrial chemistry. Their reactivity due to the double bond allows for a wide range of chemical transformations. Here, we explore both the general methods for preparing alkenes and their significant chemical reactions. Preparation of … Read more
Allylic rearrangement Definition: Allylic rearrangement (or allylic shift) involves the migration of a substituent or functional group from one allylic position to another within a molecule. Allylic positions are carbon atoms adjacent to a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C). Mechanism of Allylic rearrangement: Formation of Allylic Intermediates The reaction typically involves the formation of allylic carbocations … Read more
Free radical addition reactions Definition Free radical addition reactions provide alternative pathways to product formation in conjugated dienes, differing from electrophilic addition. These reactions proceed via a radical mechanism and can lead to unique regioselective products. The steps involved in this process are outlined in detail below: Initiation Step The reaction begins with the initiation … Read more
Diels-Alder reaction is a [4+2] cycloaddition reaction between a conjugated diene and a dienophile (an alkene or alkyne) to form a six-membered cyclic compound. It proceeds via a concerted mechanism, meaning the bonds are formed simultaneously without intermediates. This reaction is stereospecific and regioselective, typically occurring under mild conditions and often accelerated by heat or … Read more
Introduction to Modified Volhard’s Method: The Modified Volhard’s method, also called the “direct Volhard’s method,” simplifies the original Volhard’s method by eliminating the back-titration step. It combines the addition of excess silver nitrate and the titration with thiocyanate into a single step, making the procedure faster and more efficient. Principle of Modified Volhard’s Method: Like … Read more
