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Chemical Evaluation of Drugs analyzes composition, purity, and chemical structure for quality assurance. Chemical Evaluation of Drugs ensures safety, potency, and compliance with pharmaceutical standards. Definition Qualitative and quantitative chemical analyses to identify and measure active constituents or marker compounds. Approaches Simple Chemical Tests: Color reactions (e.g., Mayer’s reagent for alkaloids, Ferric chloride test for … Read more
Organoleptic (Sensory) Evaluation of Drugs involves assessing drugs using senses like sight, taste, smell, and touch. Organoleptic (Sensory) Evaluation of Drugs ensures quality, identity, and consumer acceptability through sensory characteristics. Definition Involves the use of the sense organs (sight, smell, taste, touch) to inspect the crude drug. Key Properties Assessed Appearance (color, shape, size): e.g., … Read more
Microscopic Evaluation of Drugs identifies structural features of crude drugs using magnification. Microscopic Evaluation of Drugs ensures quality, purity, and detection of adulteration. Definition Microscopic examination of crude drugs (whole or powdered) to study histological or cellular Procedure Preparation of thin sections (e.g., transverse or longitudinal) of the plant part. Staining or clearing the sample … Read more
Adulteration of Drugs of Natural Origin is Fraudulent or by mistake substitution or contamination reducing purity, safety, and potency. Adulteration refers to the intentional or unintentional addition, substitution, or removal of substances in a drug, compromising its quality and safety. Types of Adulteration: Adulteration refers to the contamination or addition of inferior substances to food, … Read more
This article explains about the Nandrolone is an anabolic steroid used to promote muscle growth and treat certain anemia types. Structure of Nandrolone Andralone is an anabolic androgenic steroid with a modified cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene structure. It typically includes additional functional groups to enhance its anabolic properties. Chemical Formula: C₂₀H₂₈O₂ Mode of Action Androgen Receptor Activation: Similar … Read more
Progesterones are female sex hormones essential for menstrual cycle regulation and pregnancy maintenance. Structure of Progesterones Progesterones are a group of steroid hormones with a cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene structure, featuring ketone and hydroxyl functional groups at specific positions. Chemical Formula: C₂₀H₃₀O₂ Mode of Action Progesterone Receptor Activation: Binds to progesterone receptors in target tissues, regulating gene expression. … Read more
Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone that regulates muscle mass, libido, and male reproductive functions. Structure of Testosterone Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone and an anabolic steroid. It features a four-ring cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene structure with hydroxyl and ketone functional groups. Chemical Formula: C₁₈H₂₈O₂ Mode of Action Androgen Receptor Activation: Testosterone binds to androgen … Read more
Sex hormones regulate reproduction, secondary sexual traits, and fertility in both males and females. Definition of Sex Hormones Sex hormones are steroid hormones that play pivotal roles in the development, maintenance, and regulation of reproductive systems and secondary sexual characteristics in both males and females. They influence various physiological processes, including growth, metabolism, and behavior. … Read more
Metabolism of Steroid Drugs: Metabolism of steroid drugs involves their chemical breakdown and transformation in the body for activity or elimination. Primary Sites of Metabolism: Liver: Main organ responsible for steroid metabolism through enzymatic processes. Gut and Kidneys: Participate in conjugation and excretion. Key Metabolic Pathways: Hydroxylation: Addition of hydroxyl groups by Cytochrome P450 Increases … Read more
Stereochemistry of Steroid Drugs: Stereochemistry of steroid drugs studies the 3D arrangement of atoms that influences their biological activity and effects. Importance of Stereochemistry: 3D Orientation: The spatial arrangement of atoms affects receptor binding and biological activity. Chirality Centers: Steroids contain multiple chiral centers, leading to various isomers with distinct effects. Key Stereochemical Features: Alpha … Read more
